Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Kollekolle, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 18–29, 1980

729 Pages·1981·23.23 MB·English

by  Donald Ross Ph.D. (auth.)

Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES
Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims
at the dissemination ofa dvanced knowledge and
the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction
with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company
Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
D Behavioural and Sijthoff & Noordhoff International
Social Sciences Publishers
E Applied Sciences Alphen aan den Rijn and Germantown
U.S.A.
Series C - Mathematical and Physical Sciences
Volume 66 - Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing
Underwater Acoustics
and
Signal Processing
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute
held at Kollekolle, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 18-29,1980
edited by
LEIF BJ~RN~
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dordrecht : Holland / Boston: U.S.A. / London: England
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Nato Advanced Study Institute, Copenhagen, 1980.
Underwater acoustics and signal processing.
(NATO advanced study institutes series: Series C, Mathematical and
physical sciences; v. 66)
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes index.
1. Underwater acoustics-Congresses. 2. Signal processing
Congresses. I. Bj91rn~, Leif. II. Title. III. Series.
QC242.N36 1980 551.46'01 81-261 AACRI
ISBN -13:978-94-009-8449-3 e-IS BN -13 :978-94-009-8447-9
DO I: 10.1007/978-94-009-8447-9
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company
P. O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
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In all other countries, sold and distributed
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D. Reidel Publishing Company is a member of the Kluwer Group
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
and as specified on appropriate pages within.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
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without written permission from the copyright owner
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
~x
INAUGURAL ADDRESS
PART I:
UNDERWATER SOUND SOURCES AND PROPAGATION
D. ROSS / Noise Sources, Radiation and Mitigation 3
L. BJ0RN0 / Inhomogeneities and Instabilities in
Underwater Sound Propagation 29
R. LAVAL and Y. LABASQUE / Medium Inhomogeneities and
Instabilities: Effects on Spatial and Temporal
Processing 41
R. H. MELLEN / Chemical Sound Absorption in the Sea* 71
D. G. BROWNING and W. A. VON WINKLE / Environmental
Tresholds of Ambient Noise in the Ocean* 81
R. HUGHES / Underwater Explosives: Scaling of Source
Spectra* 87
G. TACCONI and R. WANNAMAKER / The Remote Sensing of
Factors Influencing Underwater Acoustics* 93
D. E. WESTON / Scattering from Inhomogeneities 99
W. A. KUPERMAN and F. B. JENSEN / Deterministic
Propagation Modelling I: Fundamental Principles 125
F. B. JENSEN and W. A. KUPERMAN / Deterministic
Propagation Modelling II: Numerical Results 133
H. G. SCHNEIDER / Stochastic Propagation Modelling 143
A. S. McLAREN / A Brief History of Submarine Exploration
of the Arctic Basin and Contiguous Marginal
Sea Ice Zones* 151
T. KUYAMA and T. KIKUCHI / A Calculation of Complex
Wavenumbers of Virtual Modes ~n a Pekeris Model* 163
* indicates "advanced research paper".
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
W. W. DENNER I Ambient Noise Generation in Pack Ice* 169
S. O. NIELSEN I Acoustic Detection, Communication, and
Signal Processing Requirements for the Optional
Deployment of SSBNs in the Poseidon-X Mode
in Shallow Ocean Waters* 175
J. M. HOVEM and J.-R. LANGELAND I Propagation of Sound
in Marine Sediments* 179
T. G. MUIR and T. G. GOLDSBERRY I Signal Processing
Aspects on Nonlinear Acoustics 187
D. ODERO I Calculation of the Accurate Difference Frequency
Field of a Parametric Circular Piston* 219
PART II:
TRANSDUCER TECHNOLOGY
H. A. J. RIJNJA I Modern Transducers, Theory and Practice 225
R. J. BOBBER I New Types of Transducers 243
D. L. FOLDS I Status of Ultrasonic Lens Development 263
C. J. MAZZOLA, J. D. BIRDWELL and M. ATHANS I Control of
Radiated Pressure Using State Variable Feedback* 281
PART III:
MATHEMATICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF SIGNAL PROCESSING
B. WIDROW I A Review of Adaptive Antennas 287
o. B. GAl'1MELSAETER I Adaptive Beamforming with Emphasis
on Narrowband Implementation 307
W. S. HODGKISS I Random Acoustic Arrays* 327
P. HEIMDAL I Array Adaptive Noise Cancellation under
Signal Leakage Conditions* 339
T. S. DURRANI and N. L. M. MURUKUTLA / Multi Dimensional
Constrained Lattice Processor for Adaptive Arrays* 347
B. PICINBONO I General Detection and Estimation Theory
in an Adaptive Context 355
P. M. SCHULTHEISS and E. WEINSTEIN I Detection and
Estimation. A Summary of Results 379
A. CANTONI and L. C. GODARA I Fast Algorithms for Time
Domain Adaptive Array Processing* 411
N. L. OWSLEY and G. R. SWOPE I Time Delay Estimation
in a Sensor Array* 421
J. M. F. MOURA I Modeling, Algorithmic and Performance
Issues ~n Deepwater Ranging Sound Systems* 433
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
O. TUZUNALP / Generalized Time Space Approach and
Convolution Arrays 441
A. VAN DEN BOS / Recent Developments in Least Squares
Model Fitting 455
E. PARZEN / Hodern Empirical Statistical Spectral
Analysis 471
G. C. CARTER / Passive Sonar Signal Processing* 499
G. BIENVENU and L. KOPP / Adaptive High Resolution
Spatial Discrimination of Passive Sources* 509
J. F. BOHHE / On Array Processing in Non-Stationary
Random Fields* 517
J. E. HUDSON / Response of Optimal Beamformer to Broad
Angular Spectra* 523
V. CAPPELLINI / Two-Dimensional Digital Filtering with
Applications to Image Processing 527
o. L. FROST / Two-Dimensional Spectral Estimation by
Linear Prediction* 539
A. WASILJEFF, S. BOSECK, R. HILGENDORF, G. HOFFMANN,
J. PICKENHAN and J. SCHMIDT / Design of
Two-Dimensional Digital Filters for Electron
Microscopy* 551
R. S. WALKER / On the Detection of Fluctuating Signals* 559
J. ENDER / Nonparametric Tests for Coherent Detection* 563
F. DOMMERMUTH / Estimation of Radial Target Length
Using High Resolution Signals* 567
J. P. PIGNON / Eigenvector Directions of Spectral Density
Matrix: Applications to Characterization of
Sources and Modelling of Propagation Media* 571
Y. T. CHAN, J. M. M. LAVOIE and J. B. PLANT / Estimation
and Tracking of Frequencies of Sinusoids ~n
Noise* 577
L. L. SCHARF / Dynamic Programming for Phase and
Frequency Tracking* 583
D. MIDDLETON / The Underwater Medium as a Generalized
Communication Channel 589
P. L. STOCKLIN / Physical and Descriptive Approaches
to Medium-Induced Acoustic Fluctuation 613
G. JOURDAIN and J. Y. JOURDAIN / Characterisation of
Submarine Acoustic Transmission Channels* 623
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART IV:
COMPUTATIONAL BACKGROUND OF SIGNAL PROCESSING
E. L. DAGLESS / Application of Micro, Mini and Haxi 631
Processors
R. SEYNAEVE / High-Speed Programmable Digital Signal
Processing Systems for Underwater Research* 643
W. BACHMANN / Estimates of the Channel Capacity for
Acoustic Underwater Communication* 659
H. GAUTIER and P. TOURNOIS / Application of the Coupling
of SAW-TO-DIGITAL Technologies to Fast
Underwater Signal Processing* 663
PART V:
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM OTHER FIELDS
E. A. ROBINSON / Signal Processing in Geophysics 669
W. N. BROUW / Radioastronomy 683
R. B. IVES / The Application of Advanced Pattern Recognition
Techniques for the Discrimination between
Earthquakes and Nuclear Detonations* 693
A. J. ROCKMORE / Tomographic Ocean Surveillance* 707
SUMMARIES OF WORKSHOPS 713
LIST OF CHAIRMEN 723
SUBJECT INDEX 725
PREFACE
The comprehensive research activity around the World in the
fields of Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing being
strongly supported by new experimental technique and equipment
and by the parallel fast developments in computer technology and
solid state devices, which has led to a rapidly reducing cost of
digital processing thus enabling more complex processing to be
carried out economically, emphasize how necessary it is at
intervals of a few years through a NATO Advanced Study Institute
(NATO ASI) and guided by leading experts to study the conquests
in the fields of Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing.
This need of study is moreover stressed by the interdisciplina
rity of Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing, where a
strong impact from other branches of science, - Geophysics,
Radioastronomy, Bioengineering, Telecommunication, Seismology,
Space Research etc. - is taking place, which makes it an extre
mely difficult task for scientists to follow-up the development
in all its phases and to preserve the general view of its rapid
ly increasing number of possibilities.
The present Proceedings of the NATO ASI held in Copenhagen during
August 1980 join the series of proceedings of NATO summer schools
on Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing held during the
past 20 years. The equality and the fusion of the individual
research fields of Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing
and the separate introduction of advanced research results from
other scientific areas related to underwater acoustics such as
transducers characterize the subject matter of this NATO ASI.
Like other NATO ASI's held during recent years this ASI also
followed a tutorial format, forming a high-level teaching
activity with the purpose of familiarizing advanced postgraduate
students and postdoctoral scientists and engineers with the
fundamental theories and up-to-date applications of present
knowledge, while most recent research results were presented in
a limited number of advanced research papers. With this purpose
in mind the predominant number of pages in the present Proceed
ings are allotted tutorial papers, thus allowing a profound
teaching of the subject with the intention that these Proceed
ings should form an advanced textbook in the field of under
water Acoustics and Signal Processing in the years to come.
ix
L. Bi<Jrn<J (ed.), Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing, ix-xi.
Copyright © 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company.
x PREFACE
The general line in the topics presented at this NATO ASI has
been to give an extensive and thorough account of underwater
sound generation, underwater sound propagation, underwater sound
reception, including transducers, and the processing of under
water sound signals.
In the first section out of five a treatment of underwater sound
sources and propagation is found. Beside transducers for under
water sound generation an account is given of hydrodynamical and
mechanical noise sources influencing the ambient noise level in
the sea. The connections between acoustics and oceanography on
various scales are emphasized and the absorption and scattering
qualities of the sea limiting the sound propagation are discus
sed. Moreover, a thorough exposition of deterministic and
stochastic models for underwater sound propagation is given and
the difficulties encountered by operations in the Arctic areas
are particularly emphasized.
The second section, the transducers, gives a comprehensive
presentation of transducer construction and modern transducer
materials including beamforming lenses.
Adaptive array processing, detection and estimation theory and
modern statistical spectral analysis form the backbone in the
3'rd section, which also brings tutorial papers on least square
model fitting, 2-D digital filtering as well as on the sea as a
generalized communication channel, all subjects being supported
by complementary advanced research paper.
The fourth section comprises the computational background for
signal processing, while the fifth section brings contributions
from other research fields like Geophysics, Radioastronomy,
Seismology and Tomography.
The tutorial character of a NATO ASI supports "ad hoc" organiza
tion of workshops on topics of current and common interest. The
following WOrkshops were held and their summaries are published
in these Proceedings.
"Ambient Noise".
Chaired by: D. Ross.
"Nonlinear Acoustics and Applications".
Chaired by: L. Bj¢rn¢ & T.G. Goldsberry.
"Spectral Analysis".
Chaired by: C. van Schooneveld.
"Passive Localization"
Chaired by: P.M. Schultheiss.