Underwater Acoustic Signal Processing: Modeling, Detection, and Estimation

860 Pages·2019·17.06 MB·English

by  Douglas A. Abraham

Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing
Douglas A. Abraham
Underwater
Acoustic Signal
Processing
Modeling, Detection, and Estimation
Foreword by
Martin Siderius
Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing
Editor-in-chief
WilliamM.Hartmann,EastLansing,USA
EditorialBoard
YoichiAndo,Kobe,Japan
WhitlowW.L.Au,Kane’ohe,USA
ArthurB.Baggeroer,Cambridge,USA
ChristopherR.Fuller,Blacksburg,USA
WilliamA.Kuperman,LaJolla,USA
JoanneL.Miller,Boston,USA
AlexandraI.Tolstoy,McLean,USA
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/3754
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EditorialBoard
MarkF.Hamilton(Chair),UniversityofTexasatAustin
JamesCottingham,CoeCollege
DianaDeutsch,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego
TimothyF.Duda,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution
RobinGlosemeyerPetrone,ThresholdAcoustics
WilliamM.Hartmann(ExOfficio),MichiganStateUniversity
DarleneR.Ketten,BostonUniversity
JamesF.Lynch(ExOfficio),WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution
PhilipL.Marston,WashingtonStateUniversity
ArthurN.Popper(ExOfficio),UniversityofMaryland
MartinSiderius,PortlandStateUniversity
G.ChristopherStecker,VanderbiltUniversitySchoolofMedicine
NingXiang,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute
Douglas A. Abraham
Underwater Acoustic
Signal Processing
Modeling, Detection, and Estimation
Foreword by Martin Siderius
123
DouglasA.Abraham
EllicottCity,MD,USA
ISSN2364-4915 ISSN2364-4923 (electronic)
ModernAcousticsandSignalProcessing
ISBN978-3-319-92981-1 ISBN978-3-319-92983-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92983-5
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TheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica
On 27 December 1928 a group of scientists and engineers met at Bell Telephone
LaboratoriesinNewYorkCitytodiscussorganizingasocietydedicatedtothefield
ofacoustics.PlansdevelopedrapidlyandtheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica(ASA)
helditsfirstmeetingon10–11May1929withachartermembershipofabout450.
TodayASAhasaworldwidemembershipof7000.
The scope of this new society incorporated a broad range of technical areas
that continues to be reflected in ASA’s present-day endeavors. Today, ASA serves
the interests of its members and the acoustics community in all branches of
acoustics, both theoretical and applied. To achieve this goal, ASA has established
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acoustics, noise, physical acoustics, psychological and physiological acoustics,
signal processing in acoustics, speech communication, structural acoustics and
vibration, and underwater acoustics. This diversity is one of the Society’s unique
and strongest assets since it so strongly fosters and encourages cross-disciplinary
learning,collaboration,andinteractions.
ASA publications and meetings incorporate the diversity of these Technical
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ASA’sbiannualmeetingsofferopportunitiesforattendeestoshareinformation,
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teriafordeterminingtheeffectsofnoiseandvibration.TheASAStandardsProgram
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SeriesPrefaceforModernAcousticsandSignalProcessing
Inthepopularmind,theterm“acoustics”referstothepropertiesofaroomorother
environment—the acoustics of a room are good or the acoustics are bad. But
as understood in the professional acoustical societies of the world, such as the
highly influential Acoustical Society of America, the concept of acoustics is
much broader. Of course, it is concerned with the acoustical properties of concert
halls, classrooms, offices, and factories—a topic generally known as architectural
acoustics,butitalsoisconcernedwithvibrationsandwavestoohighortoolowto
beaudible.Acousticiansemployultrasoundinprobingthepropertiesofmaterials,
or in medicine for imaging, diagnosis, therapy, and surgery. Acoustics includes
infrasound—the wind driven motions of skyscrapers, the vibrations of the earth,
andthemacroscopicdynamicsofthesun.
Acousticsstudiestheinteractionofwaveswithstructures,fromthedetectionof
submarinesintheseatothebuffetingofspacecraft.Thescopeofacousticsranges
from the electronic recording of rock and roll and the control of noise in our
environmentstotheinhomogeneousdistributionofmatterinthecosmos.
Acousticsextendstotheproductionandreceptionofspeechandtothesongsof
humans and animals. It is in music, from the generation of sounds by musical
instruments to the emotional response of listeners. Along this path, acoustics
encounters the complex processing in the auditory nervous system, its anatomy,
genetics,andphysiology—perceptionandbehavioroflivingthings.
Acoustics is a practical science, and modern acoustics is so tightly coupled to
digital signal processing that the two fields have become inseparable. Signal
processing is not only an indispensable tool for synthesis and analysis, it informs
manyofourmostfundamentalmodelsforhowacousticalcommunicationsystems
work.
Giventheimportanceofacousticstomodernscience,industry,andhumanwel-
fareSpringerpresentsthisseriesofscientificliterature,entitledModernAcoustics
andSignalProcessing.Thisseriesofmonographsandreferencebooksisintended
to cover all areas of today’s acoustics as an interdisciplinary field. We expect that
scientists,engineers,andgraduatestudentswillfindthebooksinthisseriesuseful
intheirresearch,teachingandstudies.
WilliamM.Hartmann
SeriesEditor-in-Chief
Idedicatethisbooktomyparents,Patand
Don,forshapingwhoandwhatIam,andto
mywifeMarywholovesmejustthesame.
Foreword
I was first introduced to statistical signal processing when I met the author of
this book, Dr. Douglas Abraham. We met in 1996 while working for the NATO
SACLANT Undersea Research Centre in La Spezia, Italy (now called the Centre
forMaritimeResearchandExperimentation).WhenIarrived,Iwastold(byseveral
people)thatDougwasthego-topersonforsignalprocessingquestions.Isoonfound
outwhy-Dougisagreatteacher,andtrickyconceptscouldoftenbeclearedupwitha
shortvisittohisoffice.Sometimesweeventookthesediscussionstotheroad.While
attheCentre,agroupofusoftenjoggeduptothenearbyhilltownofPitelli.Doug
and I had about the same pace so typically suffered this together. Before starting,
wewouldusuallychataboutanideaand,oftenjustaswewouldbeginourascent,
Doug(huffingandpuffing)wouldstartinonanexplanation.Iamfairlysurethese
sessions,outofnecessity,contributedtohisabilitytoefficientlylayoutanargument.
Overtheyears,Doughasremainedthego-toperson,butwiththisbook,hebrings
his knack for removing some of the mystery of statistical signal processing to the
entire underwater acoustics community. Doug is one of the foremost experts in
statistical signal processing for sonar systems; this is made clear throughout this
book. He has been working in this area for over 30 years. He spent the early part
of his career at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), and in addition to
histimewithNATO,hehasalsobeenaSeniorResearchAssociateattheApplied
ResearchLaboratoryatThePennsylvaniaStateUniversityandaProgramOfficerat
the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and taught at the University of Connecticut.
His many years spent "in the trenches" developing and analyzing algorithms is
combinedwithavarietyofseniorlevelpositions.Thisallowshimtopresent,inthis
book,themostrelevantmaterialforthemodernsonarsystemscientistandengineer.
Ihavebeendoingresearchinunderwateracousticsformanyyears,andstarting
with those early encounters with Doug and continuing until now, it has become
clearer to me that most problems in this field are random in nature, so solutions
often require knowledge of statistical signal processing. The early chapters of this
book provide the necessary introductory material that lays the foundation for the
in-depth descriptions that are in the later chapters. Ample material is provided
ix
x Foreword
on underwater acoustics, linear systems, signal processing, and statistics. One
feature is that details are not glossed over; specifics are included throughout the
book. Important treatments include proper use of the sonar equation for detection
applicationsandthethoroughderivationandanalysisofmatchedfiltersandenergy
detectors.
This book contains a wealth of information and is very well organized in its
presentation.Ibelievethecontentsareessentialreadingforthepresent-dayscientist
orresearcherworkinginunderwateracoustics.
PortlandStateUniversity MartinSiderius
Portland,OR,USA