Underwater Acoustic Digital Signal Processing and Communication Systems

282 Pages·2002·9.8 MB·English

by  Robert S. H. Istepanian

UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC DIGITAL
SIGNAL PROCESSING AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Underwater Acoustic
Digital Signal Processing
and Communication
Systems
Edited by
Robert S.H. Istepanian
Brunei University
and
Milica Stojanovic
MIT
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Printed on acid-free paper
ISBN 978-1-4419-4882-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-3617-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-3617-5
All Rights Reserved
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston in 2002.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2002
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Contents
Preface. ..................................................................................................................... vii
List of Contributors ................................................................................................. ix
1. High Speed Underwater Acoustic Communications ....................................... 1
M. Stojanovic
1.1. Channel Characteristics and Sustem Design Principles .............................. 2
1.2. Signal Processing for High Speed Communications ................................. 12
l.3. Areas of Further Development.. ................................................................ 27
1.4. Bibliographical Notes ................................................................................ 32
1.5. References ................................................................................................. 32
2. Synthetic Aperture Mapping and Imaging .................................................... 37
M.E. Zakharia and 1. Chdtillon
2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 37
2.2. Basics in Sides can Sonar .......................................................................... 38
2.3. Basics in Correlation Sonar ....................................................................... 45
2.4. Ambiguities ............................................................................................... 47
2.5. Wideband Synthetic Aperture Sonar Processing ....................................... 48
2.6. Trajectory Disturbance .............................................................................. 57
2.7. Autofocusing ............................................................................................. 61
2.8. Vernier Processing .................................................................................... 66
2.9. The SAMI Project ..................................................................................... 68
2.10. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 84
2.11. Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 85
2.12. Notes ......................................................................................................... 85
2.13. References ................................................................................................. 85
3. Integrated Progarammable Underwater Acoustic Biotelemetry System .... 89
R.S.H. Istepanian
3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 90
3.2. An Overview of Underwater Biotelemetry Systems ................................. 91
3.3. Underwater Programmable Acoustic Biotelemetry ................................... 96
3.4. General Description and Overall Biotelemetry System ........................... 106
3.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 118
3.6. References ............................................................................................... 120
4. Digital Underwater Voice Communications ................................................ 127
H. Sari and B. Woodward
4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 127
4.2. System Design ......................................................................................... 130
4.3. Speech Coding ......................................................................................... 133
4.4. Encoding and Decoding of Speech Parameters ....................................... l39
4.5. Speech Signal Synthesis .......................................................................... 140
4.6. Digital Transmission ............................................................................... 142
4.7. Transmission and Detection of Speech ................................................... 145
v
vi
4.8. Discussion ............................................................................................... 149
4.9. References ............................................................................................... 150
5. Applications of Neural Networks in Underwater Acoustic Signal processing .. 167
Z. Zhaoning
5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 167
5.2. Fundamentals of Neural Networks .......................................................... 168
5.3. Implementation Issues of Neural Networks ............................................ 176
5 A. Application of Eigen Vector-based DOA Estimation ............................. 190
5.5. References ............................................................................................... 201
6. Statistical Signal processing of Echo Ensembles ......................................... 205
J.D. Penrose and T. Pauli
6.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 205
6.2. Monostatic Sounding of Single Point Targets ......................................... 206
6.3. Monte Carlo Simulation .......................................................................... 212
6A. Target Strength Estimation from Echo Ensembles .................................. 215
6.5. A Case Study-The Target Strength of Antarctic Krill .......................... 218
6.6. References ............................................................................................... 223
7. Advanced Coding for Underwater Communication ................................... 227
H. Junying, L. Liu, F. Haihong and L. Hong
7.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 227
7.2. Coding in Underwater Acoustic Communication Systems ..................... 228
7.3. Time Delay Difference Estimation .......................................................... 232
7.4. Underwater Acoustic PDS Communication Model.. ............................... 235
7.5. Experimental Results of the System ........................................................ 239
7.6. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 244
7.7. References ............................................................................................... 245
8. Three-Dimensional Underwater Acoustical Imaging and Processing ....... 247
A. Trucco, M. Palmese, A. Fusiello and V. Murino
8.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 247
8.2. Data Model .............................................................................................. 248
8.3. Acquisition of 3-D Information ............................................................... 250
8A. Matrix Approach and Real-Time Systems .............................................. 255
8.5. 3-D Image Representation ....................................................................... 256
8.6. Acoustic 3-D Image Processing .............................................................. 257
8.7. Segmentation and Reconstruction of Underwater Tubular Structures .... 260
8.8. Conclusion ............................................................ '" ................................ 270
8.9. Acknowledgements ................................................................................. 271
8.10. References ............................................................................................... 271
Index ....................................................................................................................... 275
PREFACE
Underwater acoustic digital signal processing and communications is an area of
applied research that has witnessed major advances over the past decade. Rapid
developments in this area were made possible by the use of powerful digital signal
processors (DSPs) whose speed, computational power and portability allowed
efficient implementation of complex signal processing algorithms and experimental
demonstration of their performance in a variety of underwater environments. The
early results served as a motivation for the development of new and improved signal
processing methods for underwater applications, which today range from classical
sonar signal processing, to remote control of autonomous underwater vehicles and
underwater wireless communications.
This book presents the diverse areas of underwater acoustic signal processing
and communication systems through a collection of contributions from prominent
researchers in these areas. Their results, both new and those published over the past
few years, have been assembled to provide what we hope is a comprehensive
overview of the recent developments in the field. The book is intended for a general
audience of researchers, engineers and students working in the areas of underwater
acoustic signal processing. It requires the reader to have a basic understanding of the
digital signal processing concepts. Each topic is treated from a theoretical
perspective, followed by practical implementation details. We hope that the book
can serve both as a study text and an academic reference.
The topics of the book have been chosen to reflect the emergence of new
applications of underwater acoustic signal processing. The book is organised in
eight chapters. In Chapter 1, M. Stojanovic introduces the readers to the problem
of underwater acoustic communications. Basic characteristics of underwater
communication channels and existing communication systems are surveyed, and
vii
viii
processing methods required for detection of high-rate communication signals are
described. In Chapter 2, M.Zakharia and J.Chatillon address the implementation
problems associated with synthetic aperture mapping and imaging systems. The
performance of several imaging methodologies in sea trials is presented. A
description of a micro-controller based underwater biotelemetry system is presented
in Chapter 3 by R. Istepanian. The hardware and software of this underwater
monitoring system are described, and results of a SCUBA diver's physiological
performance are presented. In Chapter 4, digital underwater voice communications
are addressed by H. Sari and B. Woodward. They present a DSP-based voice
communication system that includes a speech compression method suitable for
transmission over an underwater acoustic channel. In chapter 5, Z. Zhaoning
addresses application of neural networks to underwater acoustic signal processing. A
review of fundamentals of neural networks is given, followed by the description of
implementation architectures relevant for underwater acoustic applications. In
chapter 6, J.D. Pemose and T. Pauly describe the process of gaining information
about targets from ensembles of backscattered acoustic signals. Target strength
estimation is addressed from both a theoretical and an experimental viewpoint.
Chapter 7, by H. Junjying, L. Liu, F. Haihong and L. Hong, presents a modulation /
coding scheme based on delay estimation in the acoustic channel. The concept is
demonstrated through experimental results of shallow water testing. The final
chapter, by A. Trucco, M. Palmese, A. Fusiello and V. Murino, is devoted to 3-D
underwater acoustic imaging. An acoustic model of the scene to be imaged is
developed and a method for segmentation and reconstruction of images is presented
in the framework of real-time system requirements.
Finally, we would like to express our thanks and gratitude to all the authors for their
excellent contributions. We would also like to thank Mr. Finlay and Ms. Lufting at
Kluwer for their effort in publishing this book.
Robert S. H. [stepanian, London, u.K.
Milica Stojanovic, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
November 200[
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Jacques Chatillon
INRS, A venue de Bourgone
B27, 54501, V ANDOEUVRE
Cedex, France
Andrea Fusiello
Department of Computer Science,
University of Verona,
Italy
Feng Haihong
Underwater Acoustics Institute,
Harbin Engineering University,
Harbin 150001,
P.R. China
LiuHong
Underwater Acoustics Institute,
Harbin Engineering University,
Harbin 150001,
P.R. China
R.S. H. Istepanian
Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering,
Brunei University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH,
UK
E-mail: [email protected]. uk
HuiJunying
Underwater Acoustics Institute,
Harbin Engineering University,
Harbin 150001,
P.R. China
LiuLi
Underwater Acoustics Institute,
Harbin Engineering University,
Harbin 150001,
P.R. China
Vittorio Murino
Department of Computer Science
University of Verona,
Italy
IX
x
Maria Palmes
Department of Biophysical and Electronic Engineering,
University of Genova,
Italy
T. Pauly
Australian Antarctic Division,
Channel Hwy., Kingston 7050, Tasmania,
Australia
J.D. Penrose
Centre for Marine Science and Technology,
Curtin University of Technology,
Kent St., Bentley 6102, Western Australia,
Australia
H. Sari
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
Loughborough University,LEll 3TU,
UK
M. Stojanovic
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA, 02139,
USA
Andrea Trucco
Department of Biophysical and Electronic Engineering,
University of Genova,
Italy
B. Woodward
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
Loughborough University, LEll 3TU,
UK
Manell E. Zhakaria
Ecole Navale/ IRENAV
French Naval Academy/ Underwater Acoustics Group
29360 Brest NAVAL,
France
Zheng Zhaorting
Department of Radio Engineering,
Southeast University, Nanjing,
210018,
P.R.China
1
HIGH-SPEED UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC
COMMUNICATIONS
Milica Stojanovic
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Underwater acoustic communications are a rapidly growing field of re
search and engineering, driven by the expansion of applications which re
quire underwater data transmission without wired connections. In this
chapter, we explore the problems of underwater acoustic communications
in three parts. The first part presents an overview of modern applica
tions in underwater data transmission and today's achievements in this
area. System requirements are reviewed, and propagation characteristics
of underwater acoustic channels are given. It is shown that the major
ity of underwater acoustic channels are severely band-limited, with signal
distortions depending on the link configuration, and ranging from benign
to extreme ones caused by time-varying multipath propagation and signal
phase variations. Examples of existing systems are given, with emphasis
on the methods used for intersymbol interference mitigation. Most of these
systems use nonc oherent or a differentially coherent signal modulation and
detection methods. Phase-coherent detection, which offers better efficiency
in bandwidth utilization, is the subject of the second part of this chap
ter. In this part, the design of high-speed digital communication systems,
which rely on powerful equalization and multiple sensor signal processing
methods is treated. Theoretical aspects of adaptive multichannel equaliza
tion are given, followed by a discussion on adaptive algorithm selection and
methods for reducing the receiver complexity. An example of experimen
tal performance analysis is presented, and a DSP implementation of the
receiver is described. The concluding part is devoted to future research in
the area, which is expected to lead towards the development of high-speed
mobile acoustic communication systems and underwater communication
networks.
1
R.S.H. /stepanian and M. Stojanovic (eds.), Underwater Acoustic Digital Signal Processing and
Communication Systems, 1-35.
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.