Understanding the Health Effects of Ambient - HEI Publications

122 Pages·2013·2.87 MB·English

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Understanding the Health Effects of
Ambient Ultrafine Particles
HEI Review Panel on Ultrafine Particles
HEI Perspectives 3
Health Effects Institute
Boston,Massachusetts
· ·
Trusted Science Cleaner Air Better Health
Publishinghistory:Thisdocumentwaspostedatwww.healtheffects.orginJanuary2013.
Citationfordocument:
HEIReviewPanelonUltrafineParticles.2013.UnderstandingtheHealthEffectsofAmbient
UltrafineParticles.HEIPerspectives3.HealthEffectsInstitute,Boston,MA.
©2013HealthEffectsInstitute,Boston,Mass.,U.S.A.Cameographics,BlueHill,Me.,Compositor.Printedby
RecycledPaperPrinting,Boston,Mass.LibraryofCongressCatalogNumberfortheHEIReportSeries:WA
754R432.
Coverpaper:madewithatleast55%recycledcontent,ofwhichatleast30%ispost-consumerwaste;free
ofacidandelementalchlorine.Textpaper:madewith100%post-consumerwasterecycledcontent;acidfree;
nochlorineusedinprocessing.Thebookisprintedwithsoy-basedinksandisofpermanentarchivalquality.
C O N T E N T S
About HEI vii
Contributors ix
Executive Summary 1
PROJECT REPORT
HEIReviewPanelonUltrafineParticles 7
CHAPTER1.Introduction 7
WhatAreUFPsandWhyIsThereConcernAboutThem? 7
TimeforaBroadPerspective 8
CHAPTER2. AmbientUFPs:Sources,Emissions,and
Exposures.ToWhatExtentdoMotorVehiclesContribute? 10
HowAreUFPsMeasured? 10
MeasurementofUltrafineParticleMass 11
ReconstructedParticleMass(PM ) 11
0.1
Time-resolvedMeasurementsofUFP
ChemicalComposition 13
SurfaceAreaConcentration 13
NumberConcentration 13
SummaryofUFPMeasurements 14
SourcesofAmbientUFPs 14
EmissionsInventories 14
SourceApportionment 15
ParticleNumberCountsbyLocation 16
SummaryofAmbientUFPSources 17
EmissionsofUFPsfromMotorVehicles 17
GenerationandCharacterizationof
UFPsinEngineEmissions 18
DieselEngines 18
Spark-IgnitionEngines 21
Non-ExhaustSources 22
PotentialEffectsofOtherNewFuels
andTechnologies 22
BusesPoweredbyCNG 22
Biodiesel 22
Ethanol 22
ElectricDriveTechnologies 23
SummaryofMotorVehicle
UFPEmissions 23
CharacterizingHumanExposureto
AmbientUFPs 23
FactorsAffectingConcentrationsand
CompositionofAmbientUFPs 23
SpatialVariationofAmbientUFP
Concentrations 25
HEI Perspectives 3
Sidebar1. RegionalNucleationEvents 25
TemporalVariations 27
CopollutantConcentrations 28
MicroenvironmentalExposures
toUFPs 28
AmbientContributionstoIndoor
ConcentrationsofUFPs 29
In-VehicleExposures 29
ImplicationsforOtherCountries 30
ModelingUFPConcentrations 30
SummaryofEvidenceCharacterizing
HumanExposuretoAmbientUFPs 31
CHAPTER 3. Do UFPs Affect Health? What Is the Evidence
from Experimental Studies in Animals and Humans? 31
Deposition, Clearance, and Translocation of UFPs 32
ParticleClearanceandRetention
intheRespiratoryTract 33
ParticleTranslocation 33
LaboratoryAnimalStudies 33
HumanStudies 34
SummaryofParticleDeposition,
Clearance,andTranslocation 35
Experimental Studies of Adverse Effects of
Exposure to UFPs in Animals and Humans 35
LaboratoryAnimalStudies 36
Sidebar2. DieselEngineExhaust—
ComponentsandHealthEffectsin
ClinicalandAnimalStudies 36
RespiratoryResponses 37
AllergicResponses 38
CardiovascularResponses 39
NeurologicalResponses 41
SummaryofAnimalStudies 41
ExperimentalHumanExposures
toUFPs 41
RespiratoryResponses 42
CardiovascularResponses 44
OtherResponses 47
SummaryandConclusionsfor
ExperimentalStudies 47
CHAPTER 4. Do UFPs Affect Human Health at
Environmental Concentrations? What Is the
Evidence from Epidemiologic Studies? 47
Evidence Base 48
Previous Reviews 48
HEI Perspectives 3
Long-TermEffects 49
Short-TermEffects 49
Mortality 51
CardiorespiratoryAcuteMorbidity 52
RespiratoryEffects 53
RespiratorySymptoms 53
PulmonaryFunction 53
AllergyandAtopy 54
CardiovascularEffects 54
Heart-RateVariability 54
ArrhythmiaandRelated
Endpoints 54
Ischemia 55
VascularReactivity 55
BloodPressure 55
SolubleMarkers 55
ExposureAssessmentConsiderations 57
CopollutantConfounding 57
ExposureMeasurementError 57
Population-Based(Time-Series)
Studies 57
PanelStudies 57
AddressingPotentialExposure
Error 58
EpidemiologicStudiesUsingMeasures
ofUFPMass 58
SummaryandConclusionsfromEpidemiology 63
InconsistencyofResultsbyEndpoint 63
ExposureAssessment 63
AssessmentoftheIndependence
ofUFPEffects 63
CHAPTER5.SummaryandConclusions 64
Summary 64
Conclusions 65
WhereDoWeGoFromHere? 66
ExperimentalStudies 66
EpidemiologicStudies 66
BetterCharacterizationofAmbient
UFPExposures 67
REFERENCES 67
APPENDIXA.OverviewofHEIResearchProgramonUFPs 86
APPENDIXB.PrimaryResearchArticles 92
ABBREVIATIONSANDOTHERTERMS 106
HEI Board, Committees, and Staff 107

A B O U T H E I
TheHealthEffectsInstituteisanonprofitcorporationcharteredin1980asanindependent
researchorganizationtoprovidehigh-quality,impartial,andrelevantscienceontheeffectsofair
pollutiononhealth.Toaccomplishitsmission,theinstitute
(cid:129) Identifiesthehighest-priorityareasforhealtheffectsresearch;
(cid:129) Competitivelyfundsandoverseesresearchprojects;
(cid:129) ProvidesintensiveindependentreviewofHEI-supportedstudiesandrelated
research;
(cid:129) IntegratesHEI’sresearchresultswiththoseofotherinstitutionsintobroader
evaluations;and
(cid:129) CommunicatestheresultsofHEI’sresearchandanalysestopublicandprivate
decisionmakers.
HEItypicallyreceiveshalfofitscorefundsfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyand
halffromtheworldwidemotorvehicleindustry.Frequently,otherpublicandprivate
organizationsintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworldalsosupportmajorprojectsorresearch
programs.Forthisproject,thepreparationandpublicationofthisdocumentwaspartially
supportedbytheFederalHighwayAdministration.
HEIhasfundedmorethan280researchprojectsinNorthAmerica,Europe,Asia,andLatin
America,theresultsofwhichhaveinformeddecisionsregardingcarbonmonoxide,airtoxics,
nitrogenoxides,dieselexhaust,ozone,particulatematter,andotherpollutants.Theseresults
haveappearedinthepeer-reviewedliteratureandinmorethan200comprehensivereports
publishedbyHEI.
HEI’sindependentBoardofDirectorsconsistsofleadersinscienceandpolicywhoare
committedtofosteringthepublic–privatepartnershipthatiscentraltotheorganization.The
HealthResearchCommitteesolicitsinputfromHEIsponsorsandotherstakeholdersandworks
withscientificstafftodevelopaFive-YearStrategicPlan,selectresearchprojectsforfunding,and
overseetheirconduct.TheHealthReviewCommittee,whichhasnoroleinselectingor
overseeingstudies,workswithstafftoevaluateandinterprettheresultsoffundedstudiesand
relatedresearch.
AllprojectresultsandaccompanyingcommentsbytheHealthReviewCommitteearewidely
disseminatedthroughHEI’sWebsite(www.healtheffects.org),printedreports,newslettersand
otherpublications,annualconferences,andpresentationstolegislativebodiesandpublicagencies.
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