Understanding Telecommunications Networks

414 Pages·2017·17.17 MB·English

by  Andy R Valdar

IETTELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES 71
Understanding
Telecommunications
Networks
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Understanding
Telecommunications
Networks
2nd Edition
Andy Valdar
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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Firsteditionpublished2006
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Contents
Foreword xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Abbreviations xix
1 Anintroduction to telephony 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basic telephony 1
1.3 Atelephone network 9
1.4 Howdoesa network set up a call connection? 14
1.5 Waveforms 16
1.6 Summary 19
References 19
2 The manynetworksandhowtheylink 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Other formsof telephone networks 21
2.2.1 Mobile networks 21
2.2.2 Cable TVnetworks 23
2.3 Interconnection of networks 24
2.3.1 International calls 24
2.3.2 Interconnection of a PSTNand a PNO’snetwork 25
2.3.3 Mobile-to-mobile call via the PSTN 26
2.4 The Internet 28
2.5 Access to the Internet 29
2.5.1 Dial-up via the PSTNand ISDN 29
2.5.2 Over xDSLbroadband links 31
2.5.3 Over a cable modem 32
2.5.4 Over optical fibre 33
2.5.5 Over leased line access 33
2.5.6 Over mobile network 33
2.6 The specialist networks associated with a PSTN 34
2.6.1 Operator-services network 34
2.6.2 The intelligent network 34
2.6.3 Business-services network 35
2.6.4 Leased-linesservices network 35
2.6.5 Data-servicesnetworks 36
2.6.6 Telex network 36
viii Understandingtelecommunications networks
2.7 Amodel of the set of a Telco’s networks 37
2.8 Summary 41
References 41
3 Networkcomponents 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Network topologies 43
3.3 Nodal: concentrator switching 44
3.4 Nodal: route switching 46
3.5 Nodal: packet switchingand routeing 46
3.6 Nodal: control (computer processingand storage) 48
3.7 Nodal: multiplexing 48
3.7.1 Frequency-division multiplexing 50
3.7.2 Time-divisionmultiplexing 51
3.7.3 Code-division multiplexing 54
3.8 Nodal: grooming 55
3.9 Nodal: consolidating 56
3.10 Link component 56
3.11 Analogue-to-digital conversion 58
3.11.1 The advantages of digital networks 58
3.11.2 The analogue-to-digital conversion process 60
3.12 Summary 62
References 62
4 Transmissionsystems 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Transmission bearers 63
4.2.1 Transmission principles 63
4.2.2 Transmission media 68
4.3 Multiplexed payloads 74
4.3.1 The pulse-code modulation multiplexedpayload:
the basic building block of digital networks 75
4.3.2 The time-division multiplexing of digital blocks 78
4.3.3 Plesiochronousdigital hierarchy system 80
4.3.4 SONETand synchronous digital
hierarchy system 82
4.4 The range of transmission systems 87
4.4.1 Metallic-line systems 87
4.4.2 Digital subscriber line transmission systems 89
4.4.3 Point-to-point optical fibre 93
4.4.4 Dense wave-division multiplex system 94
4.4.5 Passive optical fibre network 95
4.4.6 Ethernet fibre to the premises 97
4.4.7 Dark fibre 98
4.4.8 Submarine cable systems 98
Contents ix
4.4.9 Line-of-sight microwave radio systems 100
4.4.10 Earth satellite systems 101
4.4.11 Wireless local area networks 101
4.4.12 Wireless metropolitan area networks 102
4.5 Summary 102
References 103
5 Transmissionnetworks 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Access networks 107
5.2.1 Scene setting 107
5.2.2 The copper (local loop) access network 108
5.2.3 The optical fibre access network 111
5.2.4 Radio access network 113
5.2.5 Broadband access for the small business
and residential market 115
5.2.6 The future of fixed line telephony 120
5.2.7 Planning and operational issues 121
5.3 Core transmission networks 124
5.3.1 Scene setting 124
5.3.2 PDHnetwork 126
5.3.3 SDHnetwork 127
5.3.4 Carrier Ethernet backhaul links 130
5.3.5 Transmission network resilience 131
5.4 Summary 136
References 136
6 Circuit-switching systems andnetworks 139
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 Circuit-switching systems 139
6.2.1 Introduction 139
6.2.2 Subscriber switching (local) units 140
6.2.3 Digital telephone switching systems 143
6.2.4 Private automatic branch exchanges 151
6.2.5 Digital exchange structures 151
6.2.6 Integrated services digital network exchanges 154
6.2.7 Non-subscriber digital switching units 156
6.3 Network dimensioning 158
6.3.1 The concept of switched traffic 158
6.3.2 Call distribution 159
6.3.3 Traffic flow 159
6.3.4 Traffic routeing 162
6.3.5 Exchange capacity planning 165
6.4 Summary 166
References 171