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37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd ii 37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd ii 07/10/11 8:01 PM 07/10/11 8:01 PM U N D E R S T A N D I N G STATISTICS IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES ■ TENTH EDITION 37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd i 37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd i 07/10/11 8:01 PM 07/10/11 8:01 PM Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd ii 37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd ii 07/10/11 8:01 PM 07/10/11 8:01 PM Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. © Strmko / Dreamstime.com Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States ROBERT R. PAGANO U N D E R S T A N D I N G S TAT I S T I C S IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES ■ TENTH EDITION 37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd iii 37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd iii 07/10/11 8:01 PM 07/10/11 8:01 PM Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd ii 37266_fm_ptg01_hr_i-xxx.indd ii 07/10/11 8:01 PM 07/10/11 8:01 PM Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Understanding Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences, Tenth Edition Robert R. Pagano Publisher: Jon-David Hague Psychology Editor: Tim Matray Developmental Editor: Robert Jucha Assistant Editor: Paige Leeds Editorial Assistant: Lauren Moody Media Editor: Mary Noel Marketing Program Manager: Sean Foy Content Project Manager: Charlene M. Carpentier Design Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Pamela Galbreath Print Buyer: Rebecca Cross Rights Acquisitions Specialist: Dean Dauphinais Production Service: Graphic World Inc. Text Designer: Lisa Henry Photo Researcher: PreMedia Global Text Researcher: Sue Howard Copy Editor: Graphic World Inc. Illustrator: Graphic World Inc. Cover Designer: Lisa Henry Cover Image: School of Red Sea Bannerfi sh: © Strmko/Dreamstime.com Compositor: Graphic World Inc. © 2013, 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Unless otherwise noted, all art is © Cengage Learning For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to