Understanding Politics - Ideas, Institutions, and Issues

594 Pages·2011·32.7 MB·English

Understanding
Politics
Ideas, Institutions, and Issues

Understanding
Politics
Ideas, Institutions, and Issues
TENTH EDITION
T H O M A S M . M A G S T A D T , P h . D .
European Studies Program
University of Kansas
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, ©2013, 2009, 2006 Cengage Learning
and Issues, Tenth Edition
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B R I E F C O N T E N T S
PREFACE XI
ABOUT THE AUTHOR XIX
1 Introduction: The Study of Politics 1
2 The Idea of the Public Good: Ideologies and Isms 20
PART 1 COMPARATIVE POLITICAL SYSTEMS: MODELS AND THEORIES 41
3 Utopias: Model States 42
4 Constitutional Democracy: Models of Representation 58
5 The Authoritarian Model: Myth and Reality 86
6 The Totalitarian Model: False Utopias 115
PART 2 ESTABLISHED AND EMERGING DEMOCRACIES 141
7 Parliamentary Democracy 142
8 States and Economies in Transition: Between Democracy and Yesterday 179
9 Development: Myths and Realities 210
PART 3 POLITICS BY CIVIL MEANS: CITIZENS, LEADERS, AND POLICIES 247
10 Political Socialization: The Making of a Citizen 248
11 Political Participation: The Price of Infl uence 272
12 Political Leadership: The Many Faces of Power 305
13 Issues in Public Policy: Principles, Priorities, and Practices 333
PART 4 POLITICS BY VIOLENT MEANS: REVOLUTION, WAR, AND TERRORISM 373
14 Revolution: In the Name of Justice 374
15 War: Politics By Other Means 397
16 Terrorism: Weapon of the Weak 429
PART 5 POLITICS WITHOUT GOVERNMENT 457
17 World Politics: The Struggle for Power 458
18 International Organization(s): Globalization and the Quest for Order 490
ENDNOTES 525
GLOSSARY 551
INDEX 565
v
C O N T E N T S
PREFACE xi FRANCIS BACON’S NEW ATLANTIS: SCIENCE IS THE
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix ANSWER 47
KARL MARX’S CLASSLESS SOCIETY: ECONOMICS IS
1 Introduction: The Study of Politics 1 THE ANSWER 48
WHY STUDY POLITICS? 3 The Centrality of Economics 49
Self-Interest 3 The Road to Paradise 49
The Public Interest 3 The Classless Society 50
BASIC CONCEPTS OF POLITICS 3 B. F. SKINNER’S WALDEN TWO: PSYCHOLOGY IS THE
Power 3 ANSWER 51
Order 5 The Good Life 51
Justice 9 The Science of Behavioral Engineering 52
THE PROBLEM OF DIRTY HANDS 10 The Behavioral Scientist as God 53
HOW TO STUDY POLITICS 12 UTOPIA REVISITED 53
For What Purposes? 12 Utopia and Human Nature 54
By What Methods? 12 Utopia and the Rejection of Politics 55
The Study of Human Behavior 13 DYSTOPIA: FROM DREAM TO NIGHTMARE 55
The Political (Science) Puzzle 15 Orwell’s World 55
THE POWER OF IDEAS 18 Utopia and Terrorism 56
SUMMARY 18 SUMMARY 56
KEY TERMS 19 KEY TERMS 57
REVIEW QUESTIONS 19 REVIEW QUESTIONS 57
2 The Idea of the Public Good: Ideologies 4 Constitutional Democracy: Models
and Isms 20 of Representation 58
POLITICAL ENDS AND MEANS 21 LIBERAL DEMOCRACY: MODELS AND THEORIES 59
IDEOLOGIES AND THE PUBLIC GOOD 21 REPUBLICS AND CONSTITUTIONS 60
Antigovernment Ideologies 23 BOTTOMS UP: THE IDEA OF AMERICA 61
Ideologies of the Right 23
FOUR MODELS OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 63
Ideologies of the Left 28
Alexander Hamilton: Federalism 64
IDEOLOGIES AND POLITICS IN THE
Thomas Jeff erson: Anti-Federalism 65
UNITED STATES 32 James Madison: Balanced Government 67
The Uses and Abuses of Labels 32 John C. Calhoun: Brokered Government 69
Common Themes 33 Back to Basics: Federalism and the Separation
Conservatives: Economic Rights and Free of Powers 71
Enterprise 33 TOCQUEVILLE: THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY 75
Liberals: Civil Rights and Social Justice 35
JOHN LOCKE: THE RULE OF LAW 77
Diff erences Essential and Exaggerated 36
CONSTITUTIONALISM AND DUE PROCESS 78
The “Values Divide” and the War on Terror 37
REMODELING DEMOCRACY: HAVE IT YOUR WAY 79
Choosing Sides versus Making Choices 38
THE FUTURE OF DEMOCRACY 81
SUMMARY 39
Cosmopolitan Democracy 81
KEY TERMS 40
Democracy in America: Broke and Broken Beyond
REVIEW QUESTIONS 40
Repair? 82
SUMMARY 83
PART 1 COMPARATIVE POLITICAL SYSTEMS: KEY TERMS 84
MODELS AND THEORIES 41 REVIEW QUESTIONS 85
5 The Authoritarian Model: Myth and Reality 86
3 Utopias: Model States 42
THE VIRTUES OF AUTHORITARIAN STATES 87
PLATO’S REPUBLIC: PHILOSOPHY IS THE ANSWER 44
THE VICES OF AUTHORITARIAN RULERS 88
The Perfect Polity 44
The Noble Lie 46 CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTHORITARIAN STATES 92
vi
Contents vii
THE POLITICS OF AUTHORITARIANISM 93 Disciplined Parties 146
AUTHORITARIANISM IN PRACTICE: A TALE Are Two Heads Better Than One? 147
OF TWO STATES 93 A Model with Legs 147
China: Police-State Capitalism 94 Are All Parliamentary Systems Alike? 149
Iran: Petropariah in the Persian Gulf 103 FRANCE: PRESIDENT VERSUS PARLIAMENT 149
AUTHORITARIANISM IN THEORY: The Fifth Republic: A Hybrid System 149
MYTH VERSUS REALITY 104 France’s Dual Executive 150
Myth 1: Authoritarianism Is a Sign of the Times 104 Reduced Role of the National Assembly 151
Myth 2: Authoritarian Rulers Are Always Tyrannical 106 Rival Parties and Seesaw Elections 151
Myth 3: Authoritarian Rulers Are Never Legitimate 107 Constitution under Pressure: Testing the
Myth 4: Authoritarian Rulers Are Always Unpopular 107 Balance 153
Myth 5: Authoritarianism Has No Redeeming Justice à la Française 153
Qualities 108 The Balance Sheet 154
Myth 6: Authoritarianism Is the Worst Possible GERMANY: FEDERALISM AGAINST
Government 109 MILITARISM 155
THE FUTURE OF AUTHORITARIANISM 110 The Weimar Republic 155
AUTHORITARIANISM AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY 111 Divided Germany: The Cold War in Microcosm 155
The Great Merger: Democracy Triumphant 156
SUMMARY 113
German Federalism 156
KEY TERMS 114
The Executive 157
REVIEW QUESTIONS 114
The Legislature 157
Political Parties 158
6 The Totalitarian Model: False Utopias 115
The Judiciary 159
THE ESSENCE OF TOTALITARIANISM 117
The Basic Law and Civil Liberties 161
THE REVOLUTIONARY STAGE
Does Democracy in Germany Work? 161
OF TOTALITARIANISM 117
JAPAN: BETWEEN EAST AND WEST 161
Leadership 118
Historical Background 161
Ideology 118
The 1947 Constitution 163
Organization 120
Parliament Above Emperor 163
Propaganda 121
The Party System 164
Violence 123
Patron–Client Politics 165
THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 124
The Judiciary and Japanese Culture 166
Eliminating Opposition Parties 124
Does Democracy in Japan Work? 166
Purging Real or Imagined Rivals within the
INDIA AND ISRAEL: CHALLENGED
Party 125
DEMOCRACIES 169
Creating a Monolithic Society 125
Amazing India: A Parliamentary Miracle 169
THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY 126
Israel: A War Republic 171
The Soviet Union under Stalin 127
THE ADAPTABILITY OF DEMOCRACY 174
Germany under Hitler 129
PARLIAMENT OR PRESIDENT? A BRIEF
China under Mao 131
COMPARISON 175
THE HUMAN COST OF TOTALITARIANISM 133
SUMMARY 177
OTHER FACES OF TOTALITARIANISM 135
KEY TERMS 178
TWILIGHT OF TOTALITARIANISM? 137
REVIEW QUESTIONS 178
SUMMARY 138
KEY TERMS 138
8 States and Economies in Transition: Between
REVIEW QUESTIONS 139
Democracy and Yesterday 179
THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM 180
PART 2 ESTABLISHED AND EMERGING
RUSSIA: OLD HABITS DIE HARD 181
DEMOCRACIES 141
The Superpower That Wasn’t 181
The Politics of Reform 184
7 Parliamentary Democracy 142 The Collapse of the Soviet Empire 185
GREAT BRITAIN: MOTHER OF ALL Contemporary Challenges 186
PARLIAMENTS 143 Putin: President or Constitutional Czar? 193
A Mixed Regime 144 The Two Faces of Post-Communist Russia 194
Fusion of Powers 144 A Democratic Future? 194
viii Contents
EASTERN EUROPE: TWO-TRACK TRANSITION 195 POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION: FORMING
Poland 196 CITIZENS 257
The Czech Republic 196 The Family 257
Hungary 197 Religion 260
TWO ASIAN TIGERS: STILL ROLE MODELS? 199 Schools 262
South Korea: Crisis-Prone but Resilient 199 Peer Groups 264
Taiwan: Asia’s Orphan State 201 The Mass Media and Internet 265
LATIN AMERICA: A NEW DAY DAWNING? 202 The Law 268
The ABCs of Reform: Argentina, Brazil, Chile 203 SOCIALIZATION AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 268
Mexico 207 Political Behavior 268
SUMMARY 208 Illegal Political Behavior 269
KEY TERMS 208 WHEN POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION FAILS 270
REVIEW QUESTIONS 209 SUMMARY 271
KEY TERMS 271
9 Development: Myths and Realities 210 REVIEW QUESTIONS 271
DEVELOPMENT AS IDEOLOGY 213
THE IDEA OF DEVELOPMENT 214 11 Political Participation: The Price of Infl uence 272
THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM 216 DEFINING PARTICIPATION 273
BUILDING A NEW NATION-STATE: FOUR Public Opinion 273
CHALLENGES 220 Polls 274
Elections 276
THE STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT 221
Electoral Systems 277
Democracy and Development 221
Direct Democracy 279
Development Without Democracy? 222
WHO VOTES FOR WHAT, WHEN, AND WHY? 282
Africa: Neither Democracy Nor Development 223
Voting in the United States 282
NIGERIA VERSUS INDIA: TWO CASE STUDIES, ONE
Patterns of Participation 285
RIDDLE 223
Private Pursuits and the Public Good 286
Nigeria: World’s Poorest Oil-Rich Country 224
Affl uence and Apathy 287
India: Elephant or Cheetah? 226
PARTICIPATING AS A SPECTATOR: OUTSIDERS 289
OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPMENT 229
PARTICIPATING AS A PLAYER: INSIDERS 289
Self-Identity: Who Am I? Where Do I Belong? 230
Elitist Theories: Iron Laws and Ironies 290
Greed: West Africa’s Deadly Diamonds 230
Pluralists Versus Elitists 291
Ethnic Hatred: Taming the Tigers 231
PARTICIPATION AND POLITICAL PARTIES 292
Poverty: First Things First 232
American Democracy: No Place for a Party? 292
FAILED STATES 237
General Aims 293
Haiti 237
Political Party System’s 293
Somalia 237
Designing Democracy: Electoral Systems 294
Sierra Leone 239
Is the Party Over? 294
Zimbabwe 240
PARTICIPATION AND INTEREST GROUPS 295
Afghanistan 242
Sources and Methods of Infl uence 296
DEVELOPMENT: TONIC OR ELIXIR? 243
The Great Race: Getting Ahead of the PAC 298
SUMMARY 244
Citizens United v. Federal Election
KEY TERMS 244
Commission 300
REVIEW QUESTIONS 245
THE INTERNET REVOLUTION: POWER
TO THE PEOPLE 301
THE ECLIPSE OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST 302
PART 3 POLITICS BY CIVIL MEANS: CITIZENS,
SUMMARY 303
LEADERS, AND POLICIES 247
KEY TERMS 304
REVIEW QUESTIONS 304
10 Political Socialization: The Making of a
Citizen 248 12 Political Leadership: The Many Faces of Power 305
THE GOOD CITIZEN 249 THE IDEAL LEADER 307
Defi ning Citizenship 250 Statesmanship 308
A Classical View 251 FOUR EXEMPLARY LEADERS 310
POLITICAL CULTURE: DEFINING THE GOOD 254 Rómulo Betancourt (1908–1981) 311