Understanding Obstacles to Peace: Actors, Interest and Strategies in Africa's Great Lakes Region PDF
Preview Understanding Obstacles to Peace: Actors, Interest and Strategies in Africa's Great Lakes Region
Understanding Obstacles to Peace Actors, Interests, and Strategies in Africa’s Great Lakes Region Editor Mwesiga Baregu fountain publishers Kampala International Development Research Centre Ottawa • Cairo • Dakar • Montevideo • Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore Fountain Publishers P.O. Box 488 Kampala E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.fountainpublishers.co.ug A copublication with the International Development Research Centre P.O. Box 8500 Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9 Canada E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.idrc.ca ISBN (e-book) 978-1-55250-516-8 © International Development Research Centre 2011 First published 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-9970-25-036-3 Contents Abbreviations .........................................................................................vi Foreword ..............................................................................................xiii Preface.................................................................................................xxii Notes on Contributors ........................................................................xxv 1 Actors, Interests and Strategies in the Great Lakes Confl ict Formation ............................................................................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 Lessons Learned or Neglected in the Great Lakes Region ...........2 Justifi cation of the Study and some new Hypotheses ....................5 Actors’ Interests and their Strategies ..............................................14 Identities, Profi les and Interests of Actors ....................................15 Major Confl icts in the Region ..........................................................25 2 Understanding Obstacles to Peace in Burundi: Actors, Interests and Strategies .....................................................................................29 Introduction ........................................................................................29 3 Obstacles to Post-Election Peace in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Actors, Interests and Strategies ..................61 Introduction ........................................................................................61 Study Focus ........................................................................................65 Nature of the Confl ict........................................................................68 Actors and their Interests .................................................................85 Government Responses to the Natural Resource Curse ............109 4 Confl ict and Constraints to Peace among Pastoralists in Northern Kenya ................................................................................146 Introduction .....................................................................................146 The Confl ict Environment in Northern Kenya ............................148 iii A Note on Methodology .................................................................149 The Study Area: The People, Economy and Political Developments ..................................................................................150 Weak State on the Frontier .............................................................153 The Ajuran/Degodia Confl ict and the Wagalla Massacre ..........156 The Boran/Gabra Confl ict of 2005 .................................................158 Misuse and Abuse of Power – the Provincial Administration and Manipulative Behaviour .................................................................159 Biases of NGOs ...............................................................................161 Protraction ........................................................................................162 Weak States in the Neighbourhood ..............................................163 The Somali Ambitions and State Collapse ...................................164 Protraction ........................................................................................165 Conclusion ........................................................................................166 5 Beyond the North-South Dichotomy in Sudan: Issues, Actors, and Interests ........................................................................170 Statement of the Problem ...............................................................170 Research Objectives .........................................................................172 Research Design ...............................................................................173 Research Methodology ...................................................................174 The Issues ..........................................................................................175 Threat of Balkanisation ...................................................................176 Quest for Democracy and Challenges to Regimes......................177 Arab vs. African Nationalism ........................................................178 Competition over Political Dominance ........................................179 Competition over Natural Economic Resources .........................179 The Search for State Power ............................................................179 Actors and their Interests in Sudan ...............................................180 Internal Actors ..................................................................................180 iv 6 Understanding Obstacles to Political Reconciliation in Zanzibar: Actors, Interests and Strategies ..................................222 Introduction and Background ......................................................222 A Theoretical Perspective to the Ongoing Political Confl ict in Zanzibar ...........................................................................................225 The Socio-Economic and Political Context .................................226 Delineation of Actors and Patt erns of Interaction ......................230 Underlying Issues, Interests and Strategies .................................232 Revolutionary Legacy and the Politics of Exclusion .................232 The Union Issue and its Complexity.............................................235 The Zanzibari Government vs the Union Government ............238 Democratic Governance .................................................................239 Other Actors and their Roles .........................................................240 CCM–Zanzibar and the Union Government Strategies .............245 Conclusion and Recommendations .............................................264 7 Understanding Obstacles to Peace in Northern Uganda: Actors, their Interests and Strategies ...........................................271 Introduction ......................................................................................271 A Note on Methodology .................................................................274 8 Conclusion: Removing Obstacles to Peace .................................307 Bibliography .......................................................................................330 Index ...................................................................................................348 v Abbreviations ABC Abyei Boundary Commission ADB African Development Bank ADF/NALU Allied Democratic Forces/National Army for the Liberation of Uganda AFDL Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo ALiR Armée de Libération du Rwanda AM Anvil Mining AMIB African Mission in Burundi ARLPI Acholi Religious Leaders Peace Initiative ASP Afro-Shiraz Party AU African Union BM Boss Mining CAEP Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning CAF Conflict Analysis Framework CAMI Cadastre Minier CAR Central African Republic CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi CDF Constituency Development Fund CECORE Centre for Conflict Resolution CEEC Centre d’Evaluation, d’Expertise et de Certification des Substances CEPGL Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (Great Lakes countries economic community) CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIAT International Committee for Accompanying the Transition CMSK Compagnie Minière du Sud Katanga CNDD National Council for the Defence of Democracy vi Abbreviations vii CNDD-FDD Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie (National Council for the Defence of Democracy) CNDP Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple (National Congress for the Defence of the People) COMESA Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa COMIDE Metorex, Société des Mines et de Développement COSPNU Civil Society Organisation for Peace in Northern Uganda CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CSRP Comité de Suivi de la Réforme de la Police CUF Civic United Front DC District Commissioner DCP DRC Copper Project DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration DO District Officer DP Democratic Party DPRC District Peace and Reconciliation Committee DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community EDF Equatoria Defence Force EITI Extractive Industry Transparency Initiatives EPA External Payment Arrears EPU European University Centre for Peace Studies EU European Union FAP Force d’Autodéfence Populaire FAPL Forces Armées Populaires pour la Libération FAR Forces Armées Rwandais FARDC Forces Armées de la Republique Démocratique du Congo FDD Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie FDLR Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda viii Understanding Obstacles to Peace FDLR Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda FEC Fédération des Entreprises du Congo FEDEMO Federal Democratic Movement FNL Forces Nationales de Libération (Forces for National Liberation) FOBA Force Obote Back Again, Ninth October Movement (NOM) ForDIA Concern for Development Initiatives in Africa FQ First Quantum FRODEBU Front for Democracy in Burundi FR Force Républicaines Fédéraliste FUNA Former Uganda National Army (West Nile armed groups) GDP Gross Domestic Product GECAMINES Général des Carrières des Mines GEI Global Environmental Institute GMB Groupe Minier Bangandula GONU Government of National Unity GOS Government of Sudan GOSS Government of Southern Sudan GTL Groupement pour le Traitement de Terril de Lubumbashi HAMAKI Harakati za Mabadiliko ya Kidemokrasia Zanzibar HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HSMF Holy Spirit Mobile Force ICC International Criminal Court ICGLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region IDRC International Development Research Centre IDPs Internally Displaced Peoples IEMF Interim Emergency Multinational Force IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development Abbreviations ix IIAG Ibrahim Index on African Governance IMF International Monetary Fund JKU Jeshi la Kujenga Uchumi JVMM Joint Verification and Monitoring Mechanism KANU Kenya African National Union KCC Kamoto Copper Company KMKM Kikosi Maalum cha Kuzuia Magendo (Zanzibar Marine Forces) LRA Lord’s Resistance Army MIBA Mines de Bakwanga MLC Mouvement de Libération du Congo MONUC Mission des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo (United Nations Mission for Congo) MP Member of Parliament MPC Mining Processing Congo MPRI Military Professional Resources Incorporated MRC Congolese Revolutionary Movement NCP National Congress Party NDA National Democratic Alliance NEC National Executive Committee NFD Northern Frontier District NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NIF National Islamic Front NOM Ninth October Movement, Force Obote Back Again (FOBA) NRA National Resistance Army NRRDO Nuba Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Organisation OAG Other Armed Groups OAU Organisation of African Unity OCHA Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs
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