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Understanding Microbial Biofilms This page intentionally left blank Understanding Microbial Biofilms Fundamentals to Applications Edited by Surajit Das Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India Neelam Amit Kungwani Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds, orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers, includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamageto personsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions, orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN978-0-323-99977-9 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:StacyMasucci AcquisitionsEditor:KattieWashington EditorialProjectManager:SusanE.Ikeda ProductionProjectManager:MariaBernard CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contents Contributors xix 2. Cyanobacterial biofilms: Preface xxv Perspectives from origin to applications 23 PrashanthS.Raghavan,AkhileshA.Potnis, Section A andHemaRajaram Introduction to biofilms 1. Introduction 23 2. Cyanobacterialbiofilms 23 2.1 Cyanobacterialbiofilmdistribution 1. Marine biofilms: Bacterial diversity andnaturaldiversity 25 and dynamics 3 2.2 Phototroph-heterotrophinteractionin T.J.Sushmitha,MeoraRajeev,and biofilm 26 ShunmugiahKaruthaPandian 3. Factorsinfluencingcyanobacterial biofilmformation 26 1. Introduction 3 3.1 Physicalfactors 26 2. Biofilmdevelopmentinthemarine 3.2 Molecularmechanismsandgenetic environment 4 factors 28 2.1 PhaseI—Reversibleadhesionof 4. Impactofabioticfactorssuchas bacteria 4 temperature,nutrients,and 2.2 PhaseII—Irreversibleadsorption 5 environmentalconditionson 2.3 PhaseIII—Microbialbiofilm cyanobacterialmats/biofilms 29 formation 5 4.1 Effectofwarmingonlight-and 2.4 PhaseIV—Biofilmdetachmentand dark-grownmicrobialbiofilms 29 dispersal 6 4.2 Effectofphosphateandsulfide 3. Bacterialcompetitionandcooperation availabilityonculturedbiofilms 30 inshapingthediversityanddynamicsof 4.3 Roleofenvironmentalconditions 31 marinebiofilm 6 5. Applicationandutilizationof 4. Microbialdiversityofmarinebiofilms 7 cyanobacterialbiofilms 32 5. Factorsinfluencingtheestablishmentof 5.1 Agricultureandbiofuel 32 marinebiofilms 8 5.2 Wastewatertreatmentand 6. Bacterialprotectionfromharsh bioremediation 32 environmentalconditions 9 6. Conclusionandfutureperspectives 33 7. Traditionalandmodernmethodsto References 34 studybiofilm-formingcommunity 9 8. Economicimplicationsofmarine 3. From understanding bacterial biofilms 13 interactions to developing 8.1 Biofouling 13 8.2 Biofoulinginshiphulls 13 bactericidal surfaces 41 8.3 Biofoulingindesalinationplants 14 AshwinKannan 8.4 Biofoulinginpowerplants 15 8.5 Biocorrosion 15 1. Introduction 41 9. Advantagesofmarinebiofilms 16 2. Effectofsurfacechemistryonbacterial 10. Conclusion 17 interaction:Applicationsofanalytical References 17 techniques 41 v vi Contents 3. Effectofsurfacephysicalcharacteristics 6. Variable pressure SEM and onbacterialadhesion:Applicationsof conventional high vacuum SEM analyticaltechniques 43 protocols for biofilm imaging 81 4. Developmentofantimicrobialsurfaces: Applicationsofanalytical MichelaRelucenti,OrlandoDonfrancesco, LoredanaCristiano,StefaniaNottola, techniques 48 MarcoArtini,RosannaPapa,andLauraSelan 5. Conclusions 52 Acknowledgment 52 1. Introduction 81 References 52 2. Conventionalscanningelectron Furtherreading 57 microscopy(SEM)appliedtobiofilm imaging 82 4. Microbial biofilms: Unravel their 3. SEMtailoredprotocolforbiofilm 82 potential for agricultural 4. Variable-pressurescanningelectron applications under microscopy(VP-SEM)inbiofilm agro-ecosystem 59 studies 85 5. Conclusion 87 FirozAhmadAnsariandIqbalAhmad References 88 1. Introduction 59 7. Aspects of biofilms on medical 2. Bacterialbiofilmsinsoilsystem 60 devices 91 3. Bacterialinteractioninbiofilmsunder soilecosystem 60 FergusWatson,MarcusSwann, 3.1 Cooperativeinteractions 62 AlicjaZimmer,RuiChen,LaurenFoulkes, 3.2 Interandintraspecies andStevenL.Percival competition 62 1. Introduction 91 4. Significanceofbiofilmsin 2. Biofilmformationonmedical agroecosystem 63 devices 91 4.1 Biofilmsinsoilhealth 64 3. Biofilmmodels 94 4.2 Biofilmsincrophealth 65 4. Medical-device-relatedinfections 94 5. Conclusionandfuture 4.1 Centralvenouscatheters 95 perspective 66 4.2 Endotrachealtube 95 References 67 4.3 Urinarycatheters 95 4.4 Orthopedicdevices 96 5. Chemotaxis and rhizobacterial 5. Diagnosisofmedical-device-related biofilmformationinplant-microbe biofilms 96 interaction 71 6. Currenttreatments 97 6.1 Prevention 97 P.JishmaandE.K.Radhakrishnan 6.2 Diagnosis 99 1. Introductiontomicrobialinteraction 6.3 Treatment 99 withplants 71 7. Futureprospects 100 2. Chemotaxis:Underground References 101 communicationofrhizobacteriawith plantroots 71 3. Roleofrootexudatesinchemotaxis 72 Section B 4. Recognitionofchemoattractantsand Biofilms in nature mechanismofchemotaxis 72 5. Colonizationandbiofilmformationof 8. Metagenomic analysis of rhizobacteriaonplantroot 75 electroactive microorganisms in 5.1 Roleofquorumsensinginbiofilm corrosion: Impact of the corrosive development 75 6. Significanceofrhizobacterialchemotaxis biofilms in the oil industry 109 andbiofilmformation 76 LucianoProco´pio 7. Conclusion 76 References 77 1. Introduction 109 Contents vii 2. Electroactivemicroorganisms 110 7. Preventionandcontrolofbiofilmin 3. Metagenomicapproachesinstudies thedairyindustry 137 ofMIC 111 8. Conclusion 139 4. Corrosivebiofilmsonmetal References 139 surfaces 113 5. Metagenomicstudiesofelectroactive 10. Microalgal biofilm and their bacteria 115 prospective application for 5.1 Sulfateandnitratereducers 115 wastewater treatment and 5.2 Methanogensinvolvedinmetal biofuel production 147 corrosion 117 5.3 Otherelectroactivecorrosive RabindraNayak,BiswajitaPradhan, bacteria 117 SrimantaPatra,PrajnaParamitaBhuyan, 6. Conclusions 118 ChhandashreeBehera,SudhamayeeParida, Funding 118 AkshayaKumarBehera, AmiyaKumarMandal, Conflictsofinterest/competing andMrutyunjayJena interests 118 Ethicsapproval 118 1. Introduction 147 Consenttoparticipate 118 2. Microalgalbiofilm 148 Consentforpublication 118 3. Thelifecycleofalgalbiofilm 149 Availabilityofdataandmaterial 3.1 Adsorption 149 (datatransparency) 118 3.2 Consolidation 149 Codeavailability(softwareapplication 3.3 Colonization 149 orcustomcode) 118 3.4 Maturation 149 References 118 4. Substratumformicroalgal Furtherreading 124 biofilm 152 5. Microalgalbiofilmandbiomass 9. Biofilms in dairy industry 125 production 153 5.1 Photobioreactorforproductionof KrzysztofSkowron, microalgalbiofilm 153 JustynaBauza-Kaszewska, 6. Applicationofmicroalgalbiofilm 154 KatarzynaGrudlewska-Buda, NataliaWiktorczyk-Kapischke, 6.1 Microalgalbiofilmusedin JoannaKwiecin(cid:1)ska-Piro´g, wastewatertreatment 154 EwaWałecka-Zacharska,and 6.2 Themicroalgalbiofilmusedin EugeniaGospodarek-Komkowska biofuelproduction 157 1. Introduction 125 7. Conclusionandfuture 2. Microorganismsinmilkanddairy prospective 159 products 126 Acknowledgments 159 2.1 Lacticacidbacteria(LAB) 126 Conflictsofinterest 159 2.2 Pathogenicmicroorganismsindairy References 159 products 127 2.3 Spoilagemicroorganismsindairy 11. Biochemical and molecular industry 129 mechanisms of sulfate-reducing 3. Biofilmsinthedairy bacterial biofilms 165 industry 130 4. Biofilmbylacticacidbacteria 132 VinojGopalakrishnan,RamNageenaSingh, 5. Productionofbiofilmsbypathogenic AbhilashKumarTripathi,ShailabhRauniyar, PriyaSaxena,PayalThakur,and microorganisms 134 RajeshKumarSani 5.1 Staphylococcusaureusbiofilm 134 5.2 Listeriamonocytogenesbiofilm 135 1. Introduction 165 6. Productionofbiofilmbyspoilage 2. Exopolysaccharide 166 bacteriainmilkanddairyproducts 136 3. Signalingpathways 167 6.1 Pseudomonasspp. 136 3.1 Quorumsensing(QS) 167 6.2 Biofilmformationbyspore 3.2 Cyclic-di-GMP 167 formers 137 4. Flagellum 168 viii Contents Section C 5. Chemotaxis 168 6. Functionalcategoriesofgenesand Biofilm lifestyle of various proteinsinSRBbiofilmcells 169 microorganisms and its control 6.1 Electrontransfer 169 6.2 Stressresponse 169 14. Role of biofilms in hospital- 6.3 Ironacquisition 170 acquired infections (HAIs) 209 7. Conclusion 170 Acknowledgment 170 ShraddhaSharma,VaishaliKaushik, References 170 andVishvanathTiwari 1. Introduction 209 12. Biofilmsandtheirroleincorrosion 1.1 Hospital-acquiredpneumonia 211 in marine environments 173 2. Sitesofinfection 212 DamonC.Brown,GloriaN.Okpala, 2.1 Bacteremia 212 LisaM.Gieg,andRaymondJ.Turner 2.2 Urinarytractinfection 212 2.3 Pneumonia 213 1. Introduction 173 2.4 Surgicalwoundinfections/pressure 2. Problemswithmarine ulcers/woundinfections 213 biofilms 174 3. Pathogenesisofattachment 214 3. Mechanismsofmicrobiologically 4. Diagnosisofbiofilminfection 215 influencedcorrosion(MIC) 174 5. Factorsaffectingbiofilmformation 3.1 Chemicalmicrobiologically withintheclinicalandhospital influencedcorrosion 174 setting 215 3.2 Electricalmicrobiologically 5.1 Nutrients 215 influencedcorrosion 176 5.2 Hostresponse 216 4. Taxainvolvedinmarine 5.3 pH 217 MIC 176 5.4 Temperature 217 5. Corrosionofsteelmaterials 177 5.5 Surfaces 217 6. Potentialforcopperusetocontrol 6. Device-relatedinfections 217 marinecorrosionofmaterials 177 6.1 Infectedpressureulcers 218 7. Othermicrobialcontrolapproachesin 6.2 Centralvenouscatheters marinesystems 181 (CVCs) 219 8. Conclusion 183 6.3 Urinarycatheters 220 References 183 6.4 Catheter-relatedbloodstream Furtherreading 185 infections(CRBSIs) 221 6.5 Prostheticheartvalves 222 13. Natural biofilms: Structure, 6.6 Orthopedicdevices 223 development, and habitats 187 7. Preventionstrategies 223 7.1 Handhygiene 223 AtifKhanandToletiSubbaRao 7.2 Cleaning 224 1. Introduction 187 7.3 Disinfection 224 2. Structureofbiofilms 187 7.4 Sterilization 224 3. Developmentofbiofilms 189 7.5 Behaviorsandpracticesaffecting 4. Interactionsinbiofilms 190 cleaningandhospital-acquired 5. Biofilmsinmarinehabitats 192 infection 224 6. Biofilminextremehabitats 194 7.6 Brassalloys:Copper-bottomed 7. Biofilminhumans 195 solutionsagainsthospital-acquired 8. Biofilmsonanimal infections 225 surfaces 197 7.7 Copperalloysurfaceskillbacteriaand 9. Biofilminplants 198 reducehospital-acquired 10. Bacteriophagesand infections 225 biofilms 200 8. Conclusion 233 11. Conclusion 201 Acknowledgments 233 References 201 Authorcontributions 233 Contents ix Competinginterests 233 8. Conclusion 269 References 233 Acknowledgment 269 Furtherreading 245 References 269 17. Removal and control of biofilms in 15. Implication of Vibrio biofilms in wounds 275 human and seafood sector 247 FergusWatson,AlicjaZimmer,RuiChen, EkramulHaque,JulfequarHussain, MarcusSwann,LaurenFoulkes,and SriramShankar,SoumyaHaldar,and StevenL.Percival ShrutiChatterjee 1. Introduction 275 1. Introduction 247 2. Biofilminwounds 275 2. Biofilms 247 3. Importanceofbiofilmtowound 3. Biofilmformation 248 infectionsandmanagement 276 4. Genesinvolvedinbiofilm 4. Strategiesofbiofilmmanagementin formation 248 wounds 277 5. Signalingcascadeinvolvedinbiofilm 4.1 Prevention 277 formation 249 4.2 Removal 278 6. FactorsaffectingVibriobiofilms 250 4.3 Treatmentstokillthemicrobes 279 7. Resistanceagainstantibioticsand 5. Currentdevelopmentsforbiofilm drugs 250 managementinwounds 280 8. Vibriosisinhumanandaquaculture 250 5.1 Addressingthechallengesofbiofilms 9. Seafoodsectorandeconomic inwounds 280 losses 251 5.2 Biofilmidentificationandwound 10. ControlofVibriobiofilm 253 monitoring 281 10.1 Bacteriophages 253 5.3 Methodsfordebridement 281 10.2 Chemotherapeuticsagents 253 5.4 Antibiofilmagents 282 10.3 Quorumsensing(QS) 5.5 Antibiofilmwounddressings 282 disruptors 254 5.6 Otherantibiofilmtreatments 283 10.4 Immunepriming 254 5.7 Treatingthewoundenvironmentand 10.5 Biogeniccompounds 254 stimulatingthebody’sresponse 283 10.6 Algaltechnology 255 6. Futureprospects 285 10.7 Probiotic,prebiotics,and References 285 synbiotics 255 11. Concludingremarksandfuture 18. Microbial biofilms: A persisting perspectives 255 public health challenge 291 References 256 Furtherreading 260 AifaFathima,YaserArafath,SaqibHassan, R.Prathiviraj,GeorgeSegalKiran,and JosephSelvin 16. Candida: Biofilm formation and antifungal resistance 261 1. Introduction 291 2. Biofilmformationandmaturation 291 ShraddhaSharma,ShivMohanSingh, 2.1 Reversibleattachment 292 GajananMane,SatishT.Pote, 2.2 Irreversibleattachment 293 MilindS.Patole,andRohitSharma 2.3 Growth 293 1. Introduction 261 2.4 Maturation 293 2. Candidaandhumandisease 261 2.5 Dispersal 294 3. Candidabiofilmformation 262 3. Infectionsassociatedwith 4. Factorsaffectingbiofilm 263 biofilms 294 5. RecentadvancestoinhibitC.albicans 4. Molecularmechanismofbiofilm biofilmformation 265 formation 295 6. CandidabiofilmsandCandida-bacterial 4.1 Pseudomonas 295 interactions 266 4.2 Escherichiacoli 295 7. Genomicsofbiofilmformationand 4.3 Staphylococcusaureus 296 antifungalresistance 268 4.4 Klebsiellapneumoniae 297