Understanding Materials Science: History · Properties · Applications PDF
Preview Understanding Materials Science: History · Properties · Applications
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Ages Byzantine Medleval Islamlc and Ottoman Empires Renaissance Western Exploration and Colonlzatlon Sung Mongois Mlng Qulng --------------~ Understanding Materials Science Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Rolf E. Hummel University of Florida Understanding Materials Science History • Properties • Appl ications Rolf E. Hummel Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 On the cover: Covered wine vessel (yu). China: Shang Dynasty (12th Century B.C.). Bronze, 14" high. Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Anna Mitchell Richards Fund). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hummel, Rolf E., 1934- Understanding materials science : history, properties, applications / Rolf E. Hummel p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4757-2974-0 ISBN 978-1-4757-2972-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-2972-6 1. Materials science. I. Title. TA401.6.A1H86 1997 620.1-dc21 97-26429 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. in 1998. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part with out the written permission of the publisher ( Springer Science+Business Media, LLC), ex .cept for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in con nection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or herea fter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publica tion, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may ac cordingly be used freely by anyone. Production managed by Steven Pisano; manufacturing supervised by Thomas M. King. Photocomposed by Matrix Publishing Services, Inc., York, PA. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN 10556841 Understanding the history of materials means understanding the history of mankind and civilization. Preface It is achallenging endeavor to trace the properties and the de velopment of materials in the light of the history of civilization. Materials such as metals, alloys, ceramics, glass, fibers, and so on have been used by mankind for millennia. Actually, materi als have shaped entire civilizations. They have been considered of such importance that historians and other scholars have named certain ancient periods after the material which was pre dominantly utilized at that respective time. Examples are the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. As time progressed the materials became increasingly sophisticated. Their proper ties were successively altered by man to suit ever-changing needs. We cannot but regard with utmost respect the accomplishments of men and women who lived millennia ago and who were ca pable of smelting, shaping, and improving the properties of ma terials. Typical courses on world history expose students mainly to the description of major wars, the time span important rulers have reigned, and to the formation, expansion and downfall of world empires. Very little is generally said about the people who lived and toiled in ancient times and about the evolution of civiliza tions. This book traces the utilization, properties, and produc tion techniques of materials from the Stone Age via the Bronze Age and the Iron Age up to modern times. It explains the phys ical properties of common materials as weIl as those of "exotic materials" such as superalloys, high-tech ceramics, optical ma terials, electronic materials, and plastics. Likewise, natural and artificial fibers and the technique of porcelain- and glass-making are covered. Moreover, this book provides a thorough introduc tion into the science and engineering of materials, covering all essential features that one would expect to find in a horizontally integrated introductory text for materials science. Specifically, the book presents the mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, viii Preface and thermal properties of a11 materials including textiles, fibers, paper, cement, and wood in a balanced and easily understand able way. This book is not an encyclopedia of materials science. Indeed, it is limited in its depth so that the content can be con veniently taught in a one-semester (15-week), three-credit-hour course. Nevertheless, the topics are considered to be essential for introducing engineers and other interested readers to the fasci nating field of materials science. Plenty of applied problems are given at the end of the techni cal chapters. The solutions for them are listed in the Appendix. The presentation fo11ows an unusual sequence, starting with a description of the properties of the first materials utilized by man, such as stone, fiber, and copper. Subsequently, the differences between these materials are explained by considering their atom istic structure, the binding forces between the atoms, and their crystallography. A description of the Bronze Age is fo11owed by the treatment of a110ys and various strengthening mechanisms which are achieved when multiple constituents are blended to compounds. The properties of iron and steel are explained only after an extensive history of iron and steel making has been pre sented. In Part 11, the electronic properties of materials are cov ered from a historical, as we11 as from a scientific, point of view. Eventua11y, in Part 111 the historic development and the proper ties of ceramics, glass, fibers and plastics as we understand them today are presented. The book concludes with a chapter on eco nomics, world resources, recycling practices, and ecology of ma terials utilization. Fina11y, an outlook speculating on what mate rials might be utilized 50 years from now is given. Color reproductions of relevant art work and artifacts are included in two inserts to show the reader how materials science is inter woven with the development of civilization. This book is mainly written for engineering, physics, and ma terials science students who seek an easily understandable and enjoyable introduction to the properties of materials and the laws of physics and chemistry which govern them. These students (and their professors) will find the mixture of history, societal issues, and science quite appealing for a better understanding of the con text in which materials were developed. I hope, however, that this book also finds its way into the hands of the general read ership which is interested in the history of mankind and civi lization as it relates to the use and development of materials. I trust that these readers will not stop at the end of the historical chapters, but instead will continue in their reading. They will dis cover that the technical sections are equa11y fascinating since they provide an understanding of the present-day appliances and tech-
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