Understanding Gravity: The Generation Model Approach

181 Pages·2021·9.806 MB·English

by  Brian Albert Robson

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UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY
The Generation Model Approach
Copyright © 2021 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
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Preface
To solve any problem that has never been solved before, you
haveto leave thedoor tothe unknownajar.
You have to permit the possibility that you do not have it ex-
actly right.
Otherwise, if you have made up your mind already, you might
not solve it.
Richard Feynman
Thisbookisprimarilyconcernedwiththedevelopmentofaquantumtheory
of gravity, which was achievedby the development of an alternative model
of particle physics to the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, which
I have called the Generation Model (GM) of particle physics. This devel-
opment took almost two decades from 2002-2019 during which time con-
siderableattentionwasgivento the abovestatementattributedtoRichard
Feynman.
The 20th century experienced enormous progressin physics, essentially
on account of two new theories: relativity theory and quantum mechanics
and the development of new apparatus. Indeed, the nature of the Uni-
verse today is described in terms of two important theoretical models, the
Standard Model (SM) of particle physics and the Standard Model of Cos-
mology (SMC), based upon Einstein’s general theory of relativity, which
describes the force of gravity and the large scale structure of the Universe
and quantum mechanics, which describes the physics of the very small.
Unfortunately,asemphasizedbyStephenHawkingandothers,thesetwo
theories are known to be inconsistent with each other, so that one needs
to accommodate the gravitational force within the domain of quantum
v
B1948 Governing Asia
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Acknowledgments
Many people have helped in the making of this book. First, several col-
leagues,bytheircriticismandconstructivecomments,arisingfromreading
the many papers andbook chapters written during the developmentof the
GM. I wish to record that Neville Fletcher also assisted me during several
yearspriortohisdeathin2017withajointprojecttoprepareareviewpa-
per entitled “Fundamental andResidual Forces”. While the SMrecognizes
fourfundamentalforcesinnature: thegravitational,electromagnetic,weak
nuclearandstrongnuclearforces,describedinalmosteverymodernphysics
text book, my GM recognizes only two fundamental forces in nature: the
electromagneticandstrongnuclearforces. This reviewpaper wasintended
to be a historical discussionof both classicaland quantum forces in nature
primarily for the benefit of teachers of physics. Unfortunately, this project
was abandoned in 2017, although many of the historical perspectives con-
cerning the nature of forces have since been included in this book. I am
alsogratefultomyphilosophicalcolleague,KristianvanderPals,whoread
the whole initial draft of the book, for his many suggestions and critical
comments.
Second, I am indebted to Tim Senden, Director of the ResearchSchool
ofPhysicsinthe AustralianNationalUniversityforhissupportandstrong
encouragementto completethis book, the membersofthe ResearchSchool
of Physics, Computer Unit, for their help in providing assistance for the
preparationoftheinitialdraftofthebook,andthestaffofWorldScientific
for their assistance in the later stages of production of the book.
Third, I amalsoindebted to MartinusVeltman forprovidingthe initial
inspiration to solve the problem of the three generations of leptons and
quarks of the SM and to Walter Greiner for his encouragement and assis-
tance in providing a viable publication journal for non-main-stream ideas.
vii
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viii Understanding Gravity: The Generation Model Approach
Finally, I thank Vladimir Kekelidze and Elena Kokoulina from the High
Energy Physics Laboratory, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna,
Russia for inviting me to visit them in 2013 in order to discuss an experi-
ment using their new Nuclotron accelerator to determine the parity of the
neutral pion, which was knownto be mainly pseudoscalar. An earlier2008
experiment at Fermi Laboratory had placed a limit on the scalar contri-
bution to the neutral pion decay amplitude of less than 3.3%, while my
GM indicated a scalar contribution to the decay amplitude of about 2.5%.
Unfortunately, this experiment is difficult so that no lowerlimit than 3.3%
has yet been placed upon the scalar contribution to the decay amplitude.
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Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction xiii
1. The Enigma of Gravity 1
2. Era of Classical Physics 7
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Matter and Atomism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Electromagnetic Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Luminiferous Aether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3. Era of Transitional Physics 13
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Relativity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4. Era of Modern Physics 31
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2 Strong Isospin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3 Weak Isospin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.4 Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5. Standard Model of Particle Physics 53
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
ix