Understanding global conflict & cooperation : intro to theory & history

375 Pages·2014·102.56 MB·english

by  Joseph S. Nye Jr.

Understanding Global Conflict &
Cooperation: Intro to Theory & History
Joseph S. Nye Jr. David A. Welch
Ninth Edition
ISBN 10: 1-292-02318-X
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02318-2
Pearson Education Limited
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ISBN 10: 1-292-02318-X
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02318-2
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Printed in the United States of America
112223348140692617991579335
P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
1. Glossary
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 1
2. Are There Enduring Logics of Cooperation in World Politics?
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 7
3. Explaining Conflict and Cooperation: Tools and Techniques of the Trade
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 43
4. From Westphalia to World War I
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 85
5. The Failure of Collective Security and World War II
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 119
6. The Cold War
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 149
7. Post-Cold War Cooperation, Conflict, Flashpoints
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 201
8. Globalization and Interdependence
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 265
9. The Information Revolution and Transnational Actors
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 297
10. What Can We Expect in the Future?
Joseph S. Nye Jr./David A. Welch 329
Index 363
I
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GloSSAry
Actor Any person or body whose Bipolarity The structure of an inter-
decisions and actions have repercussions national system in which two states
for international politics. States, non- or alliances of states dominate world
governmental organizations, multina- politics. The Cold War division between
tional corporations, and even occasionally the United States and the Soviet Union is
individuals qualify as international actors. often referred to as a bipolar system.
Alliances Formal or informal arrange- Bretton Woods New Hampshire resort
ments made between sovereign states, where a 1944 conference established the
usually to ensure mutual security. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
Anarchy The absence of hierarchy. The World Bank.
Westphalian system of sovereign states Cold War The standoff between the
is anarchic because there is no authority United States and the Soviet Union that
above states. When used in the study of lasted from roughly the end of World
international politics, anarchy is gener- War II until the fall of the Berlin Wall in
ally not used as a synonym for chaos, 1989. Though proxy wars were fought
since anarchic systems can be very on behalf of both sides around the globe,
orderly. U.S. and Soviet troops did not engage in
Appeasement Generally, the act or direct combat, making this a “cold” war
policy of accommodating the demands rather than a “hot” shooting war.
of an assertive power in an attempt to Collective security A means of main-
prevent conflict; more specifically, when taining peace in which a group of states
referring to British policy between the agree on an institutional framework and
two world wars, the policy of satisfying legal mechanism to prevent or respond
Germany’s legitimate grievances. to aggression. Two examples of collec-
Arab Spring The wave of protests and tive security actions under the auspices
uprisings against authoritarian regimes of the United Nations were the Korean
in North Africa and the Middle East War (1950–1953) and the Persian Gulf
that began in Tunisia in December 2010. War (1991).
Asymmetry Situations in which states Congress of Vienna An 1815 agreement
or other actors with unbalanced power that marked the end of the Napoleonic
capabilities are in opposition to one Wars and established the general frame-
another. The U.S. war against al Qaeda work for the European international
is widely regarded as an asymmetrical system in the nineteenth century.
conflict. Constructivism An analytical approach
Balance of power A term commonly to international relations that empha-
used to describe (1) the distribution of sizes the importance of ideas, norms,
power in the international system at any cultures, and social structures in shaping
given time, (2) a policy of allying with actors’ identities, interests, and actions.
one state or group of states so as to pre- John Ruggie, Alexander Wendt, and
vent another state from gaining a pre- Peter Katzenstein are considered con-
ponderance of power, (3) a realist theory structivists.
about how states behave under anarchy, Containment A foreign policy designed
or (4) the multipolar system of Europe to prevent a potential aggressor from
in the nineteenth century. expanding its influence geographically.
1
Glossary
Containment was the cornerstone of Game Theory The analysis of how
American foreign policy toward Soviet rational actors will behave in contexts
communism during the Cold War. of strategic interaction.
Cosmopolitanism The view that indi- GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs
viduals, not sovereign states, are the and Trade) An international agreement
relevant moral units in world affairs, on tariffs and trade that began in 1947
and that moral principles such as human and was replaced in 1994 by the WTO
rights are universal rather than culture- (World Trade Organization).
specific. Charles Beitz is a prominent Geopolitics A theory of international
cosmopolitan theorist. politics that considers the location,
Counterfactuals Thought experiments proximity, and power of a state a key
that imagine situations with a carefully cause of its behavior.
selected change of facts. These are often Globalization At its broadest, the term
phrased as “what if” questions and are is used to describe worldwide networks
employed in the analysis of scenarios in of interdependence. It has a number of
international relations to explore causal dimensions, including economic, cul-
relationships. tural, military, and political globaliza-
Crisis stability A measure of the pressure tion. It is not a new phenomenon—it
leaders feel to escalate to war during an dates back at least to the Silk Road—
international crisis. but due to the information revolution,
Cuban missile crisis A standoff in its contemporary form is “thicker and
October 1962 between the United quicker” than previous ones.
States and the Soviet Union over the Global Public Goods Extension of the
deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in public goods concept in economics,
Cuba. The crisis was resolved when the which refers to goods that are nonrival
Soviets removed their missiles, partly in and nonexcludable. Examples include
exchange for a secret agreement that the knowledge and a stable climate.
United States would remove similar mis- Hard power The ability to obtain desired
siles based in Turkey. outcomes through coercion or payment.
Dependency theory A theory of devel- Hegemony The ability to exercise
opment inspired by Marxism, popular control within a system of states. The
in the 1960s and 1970s, that predicted United States is often said to exercise
wealthy countries at the “center” of the military hegemony today.
international system would hold back
IGo (intergovernmental organization)
“peripheral” developing countries.
An organization whose members are
Deterrence A strategy of dissuading a sovereign states. The United Nations,
potential aggressor through threat IMF, and World Bank are examples
or fear. of IGOs. Commonly referred to as
Economic interdependence Situations international institutions.
characterized by reciprocal economic IMF (International Monetary Fund) An
effects among countries or actors in international institution set up after
different countries. See Interdependence. World War II to lend money, primarily
Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson’s to developing countries, to help stabilize
blueprint for a settlement at the end of currencies or cover balance-of-payments
World War I. Among its most important problems. See Bretton Woods.
features was a call for an international INGo (international nongovernmental
institution that would safeguard collec- organizations) A subset of NGOs with
tive security. See League of Nations. an international focus. See NGO.
2
Glossary
Interdependence Situations characterized Relations theory (some of whom are
by reciprocal effects among countries or classical realists) generally prefer to
other actors. speak of international society rather
International Court of Justice (ICJ) An than the international system. Neoreal-
international tribunal for settling dis- ists prefer the opposite.
putes between states and for providing International system See System.
legal opinions on questions submitted Intervention External actions that
to it by the UN General Assembly and influence the domestic affairs of a sover-
other authorized bodies. The Statute of eign state. Most often this term is used to
the International Court of Justice is an refer to forcible interference by one or
integral part of the UN Charter (Chapter more states in another state’s domestic
XIV). Based in the Hague, the ICJ is the affairs.
successor to the League of Nations’ Per-
Jus ad bellum That part of just war
manent Court of International Justice.
doctrine that specifies the conditions
International Criminal Court (ICC) A under which states may morally resort
permanent tribunal of last resort for try- to war. Traditionally, these include just
ing individuals charged with genocide, cause, right intention, legitimate author-
crimes against humanity, or war crimes. ity, last resort, and reasonable chance of
Established by the Rome Statute (1999) success. From the Latin “justice to war.”
and in operation since July 1, 2002.
Jus in bello That part of just war doc-
International Criminal Tribunal for the trine that specifies the ways in which
Former yugoslavia (ICTy) An ad hoc wars may morally be fought. Tradition-
tribunal established by the UN Security ally, these include observing the laws
Council to prosecute those charged with of war, maintaining proportionality
committing genocide, crimes against between the amount of force used and
humanity, or war crimes during the the objective sought, and observing the
violent breakup of Yugoslavia principle of noncombatant immunity.
(1991–1995). From the Latin “justice in war.”
International Criminal Tribunal for Just war doctrine An intellectual tradi-
rwanda (ICTr) An ad hoc tribunal tion with origins in ancient Rome and
established by the UN Security Council the early Christian church that provides
to prosecute those charged with commit- moral guidelines for the resort to force
ting genocide, crimes against humanity, and the use of force in war. St. Augustine
or war crimes in Rwanda (1994). and St. Thomas Aquinas are important
International institutions See IGO. historical figures in this tradition; Michael
International law The collective body Walzer is a well-known modern just war
of treaties and accepted customary prac- theorist. Sometimes called “just war the-
tices that regulate the conduct of states. ory.” See jus ad bellum and jus in bello.
International law can also apply to league of Nations An international
individuals who act in an international organization dedicated to collective
context. security founded at the end of World
International society A way of concep- War I. Woodrow Wilson, the League’s
tualizing the international system that chief advocate, called for its creation
stresses the importance of international in his Fourteen Points at the end of the
law, norms, and rules (including rules war. The League failed owing to its
of protocol and etiquette), as well as inability to prevent the aggressions that
the rights and obligations of states. led to World War II.
Constructivists and British scholars of liberalism An analytical approach to
the “English School” of International international relations in which states
3
Glossary
function as part of a global society that National interest A state’s perceptions
sets the context for their interactions of its goals in the international system.
and that stresses the domestic sources Realists, liberals, and constructivists all
of foreign policy. Classical liberalism have different accounts of how states
has intellectual roots in the writings of formulate their national interests.
Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, and Nationalism A celebration or assertion
John Stuart Mill. Richard Rosecrance is of national identity that commonly finds
considered a liberal. political expression in the claim of a right
Marxism An analytical approach to of self-determination or self-government.
international relations, inspired by the See Nation, Self-determination, and
writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Self-government.
Engels, that sees economic classes as the Neoliberalism An analytical approach
primary actors, and that explains pat- to international relations in which the
terns and events in world affairs in terms actions of states are constrained by eco-
of the interactions between classes. nomic interdependence and international
Immanuel Wallerstein is a prominent institutions. Robert Keohane is consid-
Marxist international relations theorist. ered a neoliberal. See Interdependence
Milieu goals Intangible goals such as and International institutions.
democracy or human rights, in contrast Neorealism An analytical approach to
to tangible possession goals such as international relations, inspired by the
territory. objectivity and rigor of natural science,
Multipolarity The structure of an inter- that sees the actions of states as con-
national system in which three or more strained primarily by the distribution of
states or alliances dominate world poli- power in the international system.
tics. Many scholars describe nineteenth- Kenneth Waltz and John Mearsheimer
century Europe as multipolar. are well-known neorealists.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade NGo (nongovernmental organization) In
Agreement) A 1994 agreement among the broadest definition, any organization
the United States, Canada, and Mexico that represents interests other than those
that created a free-trade zone in North of a state or multinational corporation.
America. Most references concern transnational
Nation A group of people who have or international groups (sometimes
some combination of common language, referred to as INGOs). Examples of
culture, religion, history, mythology, well-known NGOs include the Catholic
identity, or sense of destiny, as well Church, Greenpeace, and the Interna-
as strong ties to a particular territory, tional Red Cross.
and, usually, aspirations for political Nuclear deterrence A strategy used by
autonomy. All nations are peoples (see both the United States and Soviet Union
People). Confusingly, the word “nation” during the Cold War to dissuade each
is often used to mean “state” (see State). other from provocative acts by threat of
annihilation. See Deterrence.
Nation-state An ethnically homogenous
state; that is, a state whose citizens are oPEC (organization of Petroleum
all, or virtually all, members of a single Exporting Countries) An organization
nation. Used both descriptively (e.g., of the world’s largest oil-producing
with respect to Korea, Japan, and other states that tries to coordinate policy on
ethnically homogenous states) and pre- oil production and pricing among its
scriptively (i.e., as a philosophical ideal— members.
impossible to realize in practice—that all Peacebuilding A term coined by UN
nations should have states of their own). Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali
4
Glossary
in 1992 describing a range of activities decision makers, each attempting to pur-
by foreign military and civilian personnel sue his or her rational self-interest, will
intended to stabilize war-torn societies, choose not to cooperate with each other
build durable governance structures, and (i.e., to defect) and will thereby end up
lay the groundwork for long-term peace, worse off than if they had both chosen
security, and development. to cooperate. Since the best possible out-
Peace enforcement The deployment of come in Prisoner’s Dilemma is to defect
well-armed foreign troops to compel one while the other cooperates, the nonco-
or more warring parties to comply with operative outcome is a function of their
UN resolutions calling for a cessation of inability to trust. See Game theory.
hostilities. realism An analytical approach to
Peacekeeping The deployment of international relations in which the pri-
neutral, lightly armed foreign troops or mary actors are states and the central
police to prevent conflict or maintain problems are war and the use of force.
peace in a state or between states. Many Thucydides, Otto von Bismarck, E. H.
peacekeeping operations are conducted Carr, Hans Morgenthau, and Henry
under UN auspices, but peacekeeping Kissinger are all considered realists.
can also be conducted by a regional Self-determination The right of a peo-
organization or a group of countries act- ple to decide their own political fate.
ing outside the United Nations. Self-government The right of a people
Peace of Westphalia The 1648 trea- to rule themselves.
ties that formally concluded the Thirty
Sensitivity The degree and rapidity of
Years’ War and established state sover-
the effects of interdependence. Describes
eignty as the chief organizing principle
how quickly a change in one part of a
in the international system.
system leads to a change in another part.
People A group united by common Skeptics Those who believe that moral
culture, tradition, or sense of kinship
categories have no place in discussions
(though not necessarily by blood, race,
of international relations because of the
or political ties), typically sharing a lan-
lack of an international community that
guage and system of beliefs. A people
can sanction rights and duties.
with a sense of territorial homeland and
Soft power The ability to obtain desired
a shared political identity are a nation.
outcomes through attraction or persua-
Peloponnesian War More accu-
sion rather than coercion or payment.
rately, the Second Peloponnesian War,
Sovereignty An absolute right to rule.
documented by Thucydides; a conflict
between Athens and Sparta lasting Stability See Crisis stability and System
from 431 to 404 bce that resulted in stability.
the defeat of Athens and the end of the State A sovereign, territorial political
Golden Age of Athenian democracy. See unit.
Thucydides. State moralism The view that inter-
Power Generally, the ability to achieve national morality depends on a society
one’s purposes or goals; more specifi- of sovereign states playing by certain
cally, the ability to affect others to get rules, even if those rules are not always
the outcomes one wants. In a more obeyed; that moral obligations within
restricted definition, Robert Dahl defines state borders are much greater than
power as “the ability to get others to do across them.
what they otherwise would not do.” Structure The configuration of units
Prisoner’s Dilemma A classic strategic within a system. Structures characterize
interaction in which two independent how units relate. Realists consider the
5