Understanding Flight PDF
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UNDERSTANDING FLIGHT This page intentionally left blank UNDERSTANDING FLIGHT David F. Anderson Scott Eberhardt SECOND EDITION New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2010, 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-162697-2 MHID: 0-07-162697-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-162696-5, MHID: 0-07-162696-4. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTH- ERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. About the Authors David F. Andersonis a private pilot and a lifelong flight enthusiast. He has degrees from the University of Washington, Seattle, and a Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University. He has had a 30-year career in high-energy physics at Los Alamos National Laboratory, CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, and the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Scott Eberhardtis a private pilot who works in high-lift aerodynamics at Boeing Commercial Airplanes Product Development. He has degrees from MIT and a Ph.D. in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University. He joined Boeing in 2006 after 20 years on the faculty of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the University of Wash- ington, Seattle. This page intentionally left blank C O N T E N T S Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Principles of Flight 1 Physical Description of Lift 1 Newton’s Three Laws 3 Air Bending Over a Wing 5 Downwash 9 The Adjustment of Lift 12 Angle of Attack 13 The Wing as a “Virtual Scoop” 16 Putting It All Together 19 Power 20 Induced Power P 21 i Parasite Power P 22 p The Power Curve 23 Effect of Load on Induced Power 25 Drag 26 The Wing’s Efficiency for Lift 28 Wing Vortices 31 Circulation 33 Ground Effect 36 Lift on a Sail 37 Wrapping It Up 39 Chapter 2 Wings 41 Airfoil Selection 41 vii viii CONTENTS Wing Incidence 42 Wing Thickness 42 Leading Edge and Camber 43 Wing Planforms 45 Wing Loading 45 Aspect Ratio 46 Sweep 48 Taper 52 Twist 55 Wing Configuration 56 Dihedral 56 High Wings vs. Low Wings 59 Wingtip Designs 62 Winglets 62 Canards 64 Boundary Layer 65 Boundary-Layer Turbulence 67 Form Drag 69 Vortex Generators 70 High-Lift Devices 71 Flaps 73 Slots and Slats 79 Deflected Slipstream and Jetwash 81 Wrapping It Up 82 Chapter 3 Stability and Control 85 Static Stability 85 Longitudinal Stability and Balance 86 Horizontal Stabilizer 87 Trim 90 Flying Wings 91 Horizontal Stabilizer Sizing 93 Directional Stability 93 CONTENTS ix Dynamic Stability 95 Phugoid Motion 96 Dutch Roll 97 Spiral Instability 98 Stability Augmentation 98 Handling 99 Fly by Wire 100 Wrapping It Up 101 Chapter 4 Airplane Propulsion 103 It’s Newton’s Laws Again 104 Thrust 104 Power 106 Efficiency 107 Propellers 109 Multibladed Propellers 110 Propeller Pitch 111 Piston Engines 114 Turbine Engines 116 Compressor 118 Burner 122 Turbine 123 The Turbojet 125 Jet Engine Power and Efficiency 126 The Turbofan 126 The Turboprop 129 Thrust Reversers 131 Thrust Vectoring 132 Afterburners 133 Wrapping It Up 136 Chapter 5 High-Speed Flight 139 Mach Number 139
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