Understanding and Preventing Corruption

172 Pages·2013·1.326 MB·English

by  Adam Graycar, Tim Prenzler (auth.)

Understanding and Preventing Corruption
10.1057/9781137335098
Crime Prevention and Security Management
Series Editor: Martin Gill
Titles include:
Paul Almond
CORPORATE MANSLAUGHTER AND REGULATORY REFORM
Rachel Armitage
CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH HOUSING DESIGN
Policy and Practice
Joshua Bamfield
SHOPPING AND CRIME
Daniel Donnelly
MUNICIPAL POLICING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Comparative Perspectives
Paul Ekblom
CRIME PREVENTION, SECURITY AND COMMUNITY SAFETY USING THE 5IS FRAMEwORk
Adam Graycar and Tim Prenzler
UNDERSTANDING AND PREVENTING CORRUPTION
Bob Hoogenboom
THE GOVERNANCE OF POLICING AND SECURITY
Ironies, Myths and Paradoxes
Daniel McCarthy
‘SOFT’ POLICING
The Collaborative Control of Anti-Social Behaviour
Tim Prenzler
POLICING AND SECURITY IN PRACTICE
Challenges and Achievements
Emmeline Taylor
SURVEILLANCE SCHOOLS
Security, Discipline and Control in Contemporary Education
Jan van Dijk, AndromachiTseloni and Graham Farrell (editors)
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIME DROP
New Directions in Research
Adam white
THE POLITICS OF PRIVATE SECURITY
Regulation, Reform and Re-Legitimation
Crime Prevention and Security Management
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10.1057/9781137335098
Understanding and
Preventing Corruption
Adam Graycar
Professor of Public Policy, Australian National University
and
Tim Prenzler
Professor and Chief Investigator, Australian Research
Council Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security,
Griffith University, Australia
10.1057/9781137335098
© Adam Graycar and Tim Prenzler 2013
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
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may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2013 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
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the United kingdom, Europe and other countries
ISBN 978-1-349-46288-9 ISBN 978-1-137-33509-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137335098
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Contents
List of Illustrations vi
Preface vii
Series Editor’s Introduction ix
Part I Corruption Is Complex
1 Describing Corruption 2
2 Understanding Corruption 18
3 Measuring Corruption 33
Part II Designing Counter-Measures
4 The Architecture of Corruption Control 50
5 Applying Crime Prevention and Regulatory
Theory to Corruption 70
Part III Combating and Reducing Corruption
6 Preventing Corruption in Criminal Justice 87
7 Preventing Corruption in Public Sector
Procurement 100
8 Preventing Corruption in Public Health 114
9 Designing out Corruption in Urban Planning 127
Postscript 140
References 145
Index 156
10.1057/9781137335098 v
List of Illustrations
Tables
1.1 Types, Activities, Sectors, Places (TASP):
corrupt behaviours in four dispositions 11
1.2 Analytic pointers to corruption 15
2.1 A corruption checklist 30
3.1 Key features of measurement tool
generations 36
3.2 Some corruption measures 46
4.1 Treaties and international arrangements 60
5.1 Police anti-corruption strategies
containing a situational component 77
5.2 Opportunity-reducing techniques
derived from theft findings 78
Figures
2.1 The pillars of integrity 31
3.1 Measuring corruption 41
vi 10.1057/9781137335098
Preface
Corruption is a phenomenon about which many people
have a view. In rich countries many see corruption as the
mechanism by which scoundrel politicians and officials
play their manipulative and self-serving games. Rich
countries should get things right, the argument goes,
because they have the resources to do so much. when
they don’t, one explanation for the failure is corruption, at
all its levels and in all its forms. In poorer countries with
limited resources, corruption is often blamed for failure to
develop and deliver adequate human services, infrastruc-
ture and environmental assets or to derive revenues for the
state from the extraction of natural resources.
while corruption has been part of politics forever, there
is probably more debate about it now, more than a decade
ago, more than a century ago, more than a millennium
ago. Corruption, of course, is not limited to the political
domain. There are many instances of damaging corruption
in private sector activities. Corruption in private sector
financial companies brought economic havoc to the world
in recent years. Examples of corruption can be found in
local and multinational companies, in the professions,
in religious institutions, in non-profit organizations and,
very notably, in the domain of sports.
To cover all of these types and contexts would need a
book much larger than this one. The authors recognize the
wide spectrum of corrupt activities, but this book focuses
primarily on public sector corruption in rich countries.
The study of corruption often embeds itself within
narrow academic boundaries, and thus we have excellent
10.1057/9781137335098 vii
viii Preface
books and articles on corruption by philosophers, lawyers, sociologists,
economists, psychologists, public administration scholars, historians,
political scientists and development specialists. The methods they use
and the literature they cite usually come from their own disciplines.
Much of the literature is high powered, deeply analytical and is devoured
by specialist audiences. Yet we are dealing with a phenomenon that cuts
across many academic disciplines.
we saw the need for a general book that introduces readers to the
study of corruption, a book that describes and classifies some aspects of
corruption and lays out a basis for its prevention, however it is defined
and however it manifests itself. In outlining preventive measures we
draw on criminological theory, but overall we see this as a general book
and not something aimed exclusively at a criminological readership.
For this short book we made judgements about what to cover, and
this meant excluding many topics that are worthy of scrutiny. The book
is a result of research that has been conducted over many years by the
two authors. we are grateful to Caroline Compton, Matti Joutsen, John
McFarlane, Denis Osborne and Elizabeth Percival, who read early drafts
of some of the chapters. Their robust critical comments and wise advice
are highly valued and gratefully appreciated.
10.1057/9781137335098
Series Editor’s Introduction
Adam Graycar and Tim Prenzler’s book offers an impor-
tant insight into why and how corruption occurs and the
key ways in which mitigation strategies can succeed and
fail. The authors highlight how persistent and ubiquitous
the problem of corruption is, across time and evident in
all parts of the globe.They examine its various forms: the
difference between petty and grand corruption and the
distinction between what is a bribe and what constitutes
a gift. They explain the meanings and implications of dif-
ferent forms of potentially corrupt behaviour including
extortion (which may not be a crime), embezzlement,
conflicts of interest, influence peddling, pay to play and
different examples of favouritism such as patronage, nepo-
tism and cronyism.
They discuss chillingly the range of consequences that
can result in circumstances where corruption is allowed to
take a grip. This is more than lost revenue (astronomical
though that can be); through varied examples at different
points in this book they point to the approval of inad-
equate infrastructure leading to buildings with fire and
safety hazards; the entrance into the supply chain of coun-
terfeit goods (e.g. drugs) including those that can kill; the
reduction in impact of a variety of programmes including
those for healthcare; the loss of amenities in local commu-
nities including in some cases water supply; in a different
way to miscarriages of justice and to the undermining of
democracy. In short the consequences are pernicious and
can result in deaths.
10.1057/9781137335098 ix