Understanding and Measuring Morphological Complexity

238 Pages·2015·2.77 MB·English

by  Matthew Baerman

OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,5/3/2015,SPi
Understanding and Measuring Morphological
Complexity
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,5/3/2015,SPi
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,5/3/2015,SPi
Understanding and
Measuring
Morphological
Complexity
Editedby
MATTHEW BAERMAN, DUNSTAN BROWN,
AND GREVILLE G. CORBETT
1
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,5/3/2015,SPi
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,ox26dp,
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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,5/3/2015,SPi
Contents
ListofFiguresandTables vii
ListofAbbreviations xi
ListofContributors xiii
PartI. WhatisMorphologicalComplexity?
 Understandingandmeasuringmorphologicalcomplexity:Anintroduction 
MatthewBaerman,DunstanBrown,andGrevilleG.Corbett
 Dimensionsofmorphologicalcomplexity 
StephenR.Anderson
PartII. UnderstandingComplexity
 Rhizomorphomes,meromorphomes,andmetamorphomes 
ErichR.Round
 Morphologicalopacity:RulesofreferralinKanumverbs 
MarkDonohue
 MorphologicalcomplexityàlaOneida 
Jean-PierreKoenigandKarinMichelson
 Gender–numbermarkinginArchi:Smalliscomplex 
MarinaChumakinaandGrevilleG.Corbett
PartIII. MeasuringComplexity
 Contrastingmodesofrepresentationforinflectionalsystems:Some
implicationsforcomputingmorphologicalcomplexity 
GregoryStumpandRaphaelA.Finkel
 Computationalcomplexityofabstractivemorphology 
VitoPirrelli,MarcelloFerro,andClaudiaMarzi
 Patternsofsyncretismandparadigmcomplexity:ThecaseofOldand
MiddleIndicdeclension 
PaoloMilizia
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vi Contents
 LearningandthecomplexityofØ-marking 
SebastianBankandJochenTrommer
References 
LanguagesIndex 
NamesIndex 
SubjectIndex 
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,5/3/2015,SPi
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
Figure3.1 Kayardildclausestructureandattachmentoffeatures 31
Figure3.2 Featureswhichpercolateontowordω 34
Figure5.1 Ahierarchyofnom-index 80
Figure5.2 Ahierarchyofpersonvalues 80
Figure5.3 Ahierarchyofgendervalues 80
Figure5.4 Ahierarchyofnumbervalues 80
Figure6.1 Typesofsimpledynamicverbsaccordingtothephonological
shapeoftheirperfectivestem(total142) 112
Figure8.1 One-to-oneandone-to-manyrelationsin
one-node-per-variableandmany-nodes-per-variableneural
networks 146
Figure8.2 Atwo-levelfinitestatetransducerfortheItalianirregularform
vengono‘theycome’ 150
Figure8.3 OutlinearchitectureofaTSOMandatwo-dimensional20×20
TSOM 152
Figure8.4 Topologicalpropagationoflong-termpotentiationand
long-termdepressionoftemporalre-entrantconnectionsover
twosuccessivetimesteps;andword-graphrepresentationof
Germanpastparticiples 154
Figure8.5 Topologicaldispersionofsymbolsontemporaland
spatio-temporalmaps,plottedbytheirpositionininputwords 157
Figure8.6 Alignmentplotsofthefindenparadigmonatemporal(left)
andaspatio-temporal(right)map 158
Figure8.7 (Topological)dispersionvaluesacrossactivationpatterns
triggeredbyselectedinflectionalendingsontemporaland
spatio-temporalmapsforItalianandGermanknownword
forms,andonunknownwordforms 159
Figure8.8 BMUactivationchainsforvediamo-vedete-crediamoona
20×20map(left)andtheirword-graphrepresentation(right) 160
Figure8.9 Correlationcoefficientsbetweenalignmentscoresandrecall
scoresfornovelwords,plottedbyletterpositionsrelativetothe
stem-endingboundary 161
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viii ListofFiguresandTables
Figure8.10 Stemdispersionover<PREF-X,X >pairsinItalianand
Germanverbforms.Dispersionvaluesaregivenasafractionof
100overthemap’sdiagonal 163
Figure9.1 Agraphrepresentingtherelativefrequenciesof
morphosyntacticpropertycombinationsinOldIndicadjectival
paradigms 172
Tables
Table3.1 Morphometypesandtheirmodeofcategorization 29
Table3.2 Inflectionalfeaturesandtheirpotentialvalues 32
Table3.3 Featuresforwhichlexicalstemscaninflect 37
Table3.4 Inflectionalfeaturesandtheirmorphomicexponents 51
Table3.5 Phonologicalexponentsofmorphomes 51
Table4.1 Inflectionforampl‘laughat’withdifferentsubjects,objects,
andtenses 56
Table4.2 FreepronounsinKanum,absolutive,andergativeforms 56
Table4.3 Kanumverbalinflection 57
Table4.4 Inflectionformakr‘roast’withdifferentsubjects,objects,and
tenses 61
Table4.5 Opacityandtransparencyinpronominalsystems 62
Table4.6 Tensedistinctionsportmanteauwithagreementaffixes 62
Table4.7 Pronominaldistinctionsintheidealizedagreementaffixes 63
Table4.8 Takeoversintheobjectprefixesfortwoverbs 63
Table4.9 Referralsintheobjectprefixes 64
Table4.10 Referralsintenseaffixes 64
Table4.11 Referralsinthesubjectsuffixes 64
Table5.1 Oneidaprenominalprefixes(C-stemallomorphs) 73
Table5.2 Thenineteenpossiblecategoriesofsemanticindices 79
Table5.3 Numberofmorphsineachstemclassfromwhichallother
fifty-sevenformscanbededuced 88
Table5.4 Numberandpercentageofstemsofeachclassintwelvetexts 89
Table6.1 AgreeinglexicalitemsintheArchidictionary 95
Table6.2 SyncretismpatternA 98
Table6.3 SyncretismpatternB 98
Table6.4 Archiprefixes 98
Table6.5 Archiinfixes,SetI 98
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ListofFiguresandTables ix
Table6.6 Archiinfixes,SetII 99
Table6.7 Archisuffixes 99
Table6.8 Partialparadigmoffirstandsecondpersonpronouns 102
Table6.9 Verbsofsimilarphonology,butdifferentpatternsofrealizing
agreement 111
Table7.1 Orthographicformsoftheverbsin(1) 121
Table7.2 Hearer-orientedplatfortheverbsin(1) 122
Table7.3 Speaker-orientedplatfortheverbsin(1) 123
Table7.4 Morphologicalindicesemployedinthespeaker-orientedplat 124
Table7.5 Twohypotheticalplats 125
Table7.6 PlatrepresentingahypotheticalsystemofICs 127
Table7.7 Inflectionclasses,exponences,anddistillationsinthetwoplats 128
Table7.8 4-MPSentropy(×100)ofthefourdistillationsinTable7.7 129
Table7.9 Distinctexponencesineachofthefourdistillations 129
Table7.10 TraditionalprincipalpartsoffiveLatinverbs 130
Table7.11 Optimaldynamicprincipal-partsetsofthreeverbs(H-Oplat) 131
Table7.12 Dynamicprincipal-partsetsinthetwoplats 132
Table7.13 Dynamicprincipal-partnumbersinthetwoplats 132
Table7.14 Candidateprincipal-partsetsforcastintheH-Oplat 133
Table7.15 Candidateprincipal-partsetsforcast(S-Oplat) 133
Table7.16 Numberofviableoptimaldynamicprincipal-partsets 134
Table7.17 Candidateprincipal-partsetsforpass(H-Oplat) 134
Table7.18 Candidateprincipal-partsetsforpass(S-Oplat) 135
Table7.19 Densityofviabledynamicprincipal-partsetsamongall
candidatesetshavingthesamenumberofmembers 135
Table7.20 ICpredictabilityoftwelveverbsintheH-OandS-Oplats 137
Table7.21 CellpredictabilitymeasuresforthirteenverbsintheH-Oand
S-Oplats 138
Table7.22 Predictivenessofaverb’scells,averagedacrossverbs 139
Table7.23 Predictivenessofaverb’spast-tensecellintheH-OandS-Oplats 139
Table9.1 Relativefrequenciesofinflectionalvaluesonthebasisof
Lanman(1880) 171
Table9.2 OldIndic-a-/-a¯-adjectivedeclensionandrelativefrequencies
ofthesetsofinflectionalvaluearraysassociatedwiththe
differentexponents 173