Understanding Anatomy & Physiology: A Visual, Auditory, Interactive Approach

578 Pages·2019·302.397 MB·English

by  Gale Sloan Thompson

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YOUR GUIDE TO...
THIRD EDITION
UNDERSTANDING
A N ATO M Y &
PHYSIOLOGY
Master the language of A&P
New terms are defined right in the
text, making it easy for you to build
A Visual, Auditory, Interactive Approach an A&P vocabulary.
77664455__CChh0044__005566--007722 1100//0055//1199 99::2222 AAMM PPaaggee 5577
Gale Sloan Thompson
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chch44 HHuummaann MMiiccrroobbiioommee
aa
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tete
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TThhee ttrriilllliioonnss ooff mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss lliivviinngg oonn aanndd iinn tthhee hhuummaann bbooddyy
ppllaayy aa kkeeyy rroollee iinn rreegguullaattiinngg mmeettaabboolliissmm,, iimmmmuunnee ffuunnccttiioonn,, aanndd
eevveenn bbeehhaavviioorr..
FFoorr ddeeccaaddeess,, bbaacctteerriiaa hhaavvee bbeeeenn vviieewweedd aass ffoorreerruunnnneerrss ooff ddiisseeaassee,, ssoommeetthhiinngg ttoo bbee aavvooiiddeedd oorr eerraaddiiccaatteedd.. IInn aaccttuuaalliittyy,, eevveerryy
hheeaalltthhyy aadduulltt hhoouusseess mmoorree tthhaann 110000 ttrriilllliioonn mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss.. IInn ootthheerr wwoorrddss,, yyoouurr bbooddyy ccoonnttaaiinnss mmoorree mmiiccrroobbeess tthhaann iitt ddooeess
hhuummaann cceellllss.. TThhiiss ccoommmmuunniittyy ooff mmiiccrroobbeess——kknnoowwnn aass tthhee hhuummaann mmiiccrroobbiioommee——iiss eesssseennttiiaall ffoorr hhuummaann lliiffee,, ssoo mmuucchh ssoo tthhaatt
mmaannyy eexxppeerrttss ssaayy iitt sshhoouulldd bbee ccoonnssiiddeerreedd aann oorrggaann ssyysstteemm iinn iittss oowwnn rriigghhtt..
AAlltthhoouugghh sscciieennttiissttss hhaavvee lloonngg bbeeeenn aawwaarree tthhaatt bbaacctteerriiaa lliivvee oonn tthhee hhuummaann bbooddyy,, mmaannyy ooff tthheessee mmiiccrroobbeess rreessiisstt bbeeiinngg ccuullttuurreedd
aanndd ggrroowwnn iinn aa llaabboorraattoorryy.. IItt wwaassnn’’tt uunnttiill tthhee aaddvveenntt ooff ssoopphhiissttiiccaatteedd DDNNAA sseeqquueenncciinngg tteecchhnnoollooggyy,, aanndd tthhee ssuubbsseeqquueenntt
CHAPTER OUTLINE LEARNING OUTCOMES ccoommpplleettiioonn ooff tthhee HHuummaann MMiiccrroobbiioommee PPrroojjeecctt,, tthhaatt sscciieennttiissttss ccaauugghhtt aa gglliimmppssee ooff tthhiiss uunnsseeeenn wwoorrlldd.. ((SSeeee ““LLiiffee lleessssoonn:: TThhee
HHuummaann MMiiccrroobbiioommee PPrroojjeecctt”” oonn tthhee nneexxtt ppaaggee..))
Importance of the Microbiome 1.Describe the findings of the Human TThhee iinnddiivviidduuaall mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss ffoouunndd wwiitthhiinn tthhee
Building a Microbiome Microbiome Project. mfmfooooiiccddrr,,oo bbssyyiioonnmmtthheeee sswwiizzooeerr vvkkii ttccaaoommnnssiinnttaassnn,, ttaallnnyydd oo nnffoo oorrmmuurr aabb bbeehhaarraarrlliiffcc:: aaTTddhhee eeaayygg aaddiiiinnggsseettsstt
Stages of Microbiome Development 2.Dinecslucrdibineg t hhoe wco mmicproonbeionmts eosf dai ffmeicr raocbroiosms seit,es dbdbaaiisscceettaaeessrreeiiaa--cc eeaavvuueessnniinn aaggll ttbbeeaarr ccbbtteerraarriiiiaann.. ccRRhheeeeccmmeenniisstttt rrrryyeess,, eewwaarrhhcciihhcchh ss uuccggoogguueellssddtt ssaa ffttffhheeaacctttt
Boosting the Microbiome on the body as well as between individuals. mmoooodd aanndd bbeehhaavviioorr..
Components of the Microbiome 3.Discuss why the microbiome is important for FFuurrtthheerrmmoorree,, wwhheenn tthhee ccoommppoossiittiioonn ooff tthhee mmiiccrroobbiioommee
overall health. iiss ddiissrruupptteedd,, ssuucchh aass bbyy aann eexxcceessss ooff aa ssppeecciiffiicc bbaacctteerriiaa oorr,,
4.Ddeevsecrloibpem thene ts.tages in microbiome mdamdarriieessooee rrllaaeeiinnss eeookk ffcceettaaddeennnn tt ,,oorr ttee hhnnssuurruuoollmmttuu.. ggeeIIrrhhnnoo ttuuffhhaassccee ddtt ,,uuii ssiissoommeerr oobbddffaaee llrrbbaassrrnn,,oo iiccaanneeddccss --lliiuussnnppdd eettiiccnnhhttggeerr uummddmmiiiiaacc bbaarreeoonnttbbtteeiiiissbboo,,i i mmhhootteeeeiiaaccrrsstt,,
5.Identify factors that can boost microbiome ddiisseeaassee,, aasstthhmmaa,, mmuullttiippllee sscclleerroossiiss,, oobbeessiittyy,, iinnffllaammmmaattoorryy
diversity. bboowweell ddiisseeaassee,, aauuttiissmm,, aanndd eevveenn ccaanncceerr..
6.Identify factors that can threaten the health of TThhiiss vviieeww ooff tthhee bbooddyy aass aa vvaasstt,, cchhaannggeeaabbllee eeccoossyysstteemm iiss
the microbiome. ttrraannssffoorrmmiinngg hhooww mmeeddiicciinnee iiss pprraaccttiicceedd.. IInnsstteeaadd ooff ssiimmppllyy
ccoommbbaattiinngg bbaacctteerriiaa,, pprraaccttiittiioonneerrss aarree rreeccooggnniizziinngg tthhee nneeeedd
7.Identify the structural components of bacteria. ttoo ccuullttiivvaattee aanndd nnuurrttuurree tthhee bbaacctteerriiaall ccoommmmuunniittiieess wwiitthhiinn
8.Identify the structural components of viruses. oouurr bbooddiieess..
WWhhaatt’’ss mmoorree,, eexxppeerrttss llooookk ttoowwaarrdd aa ffuuttuurree wwhheenn tthheeyy
9.Describe the characteristics of archaea and ccaann mmaapp eeaacchh iinnddiivviidduuaall’’ss ssiiggnnaattuurree mmiiccrroobbiioommee.. KKnnoowwiinngg
explain how they differ from bacteria. ssoommeeoonnee’’ss mmiiccrroobbiiaall ffiinnggeerrpprriinntt wwiillll aallllooww pprraaccttiittiioonneerrss ttoo
10.Explain how a disruption in the microbiome mmoonniittoorr tthhee mmiiccrroobbiiaall bbaallaannccee,, mmaakkiinngg aaddjjuussttmmeennttss aass
can occur. nneeeeddeedd ttoo pprreevveenntt ddiisseeaassee.. IIff ddiisseeaassee ddooeess ooccccuurr,, tthhee ssaammee
FFAASSTT FFAACCTT mmiiccrroobbiiaall ffiinnggeerrpprriinntt ccaann hheellpp gguuiiddee ttrreeaattmmeenntt.. IInnddeeeedd,,
11.Dmeicsrcoribbieo msoem cea no fa tffheec wt haeyas lath d. isruption in the IiIinnff hhggaaaabbtthhiittee rrtteehhddee tthhoouuggmmeettaahhnnee rrbb,, ootthhddeeyy mmwwooiiccuurrllooddoo oorrggccaaccnnuuiippssmmyy aass sstthhppaaaaccttee etetooxx ppttllrroouurrllaayytt iippooeennrrss ooooffnn ttaahhlliieezz eehhdduu mmmmeeaaddnnii ccmmiinniicceerr..oo bbiioommee hhaass ooppeenneedd tthhee ddoooorr
aabboouutt tthhee ssiizzee ooff tthhee lliivveerr aanndd wweeiigghh aapppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy
33 ppoouunnddss..
Guide your learning Expand your knowledge
“Learning Outcomes” at the beginning of each “Fast Facts” are important points of information
chapter outline the knowledge you should be able to related to specific body systems that help you
demonstrate when you’ve completed the chapter. build a firm foundation in A&P.
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DESIGNED FOR HOW YOU LEARN
Whatever your learning style… looking, listening, doing, or a little bit of each…
this interactive approach to anatomy & physiology is designed just for you.
Explore real-life examples
“Life Lesson” boxes make anatomy and physiology pertinent
to daily life by applying material to clinical situations.
Build mastery step by step
7645_Ch04_056-072 10/05/19 9:23 AM Page 66 Detailed illustrations and concise explanations
work together to make often complex concepts
easy to understand and easy to remember.
66
Life lesson: Identifying bacteria
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PART I Foundation of the Body Gsdtimhtereeatmp emt ereimn dcs htiiiaadnntieeineqns ir untweiegfshy —uceian••lt tPwpwHSnghsGteea’ ah eacttppvrli irhalniaCettcs diintem, dhd ypahew oot bbu-tieonghpgnhreap tpliolbivycc yiclulfashcaoectkyisseaa ctlrl emvniatrentvhiyefe t aiieua(encrescl iril b n eat m acsowhasl applf weec thuwephtimrieescelal clybreni l deielbri a) onlaymsleen fgo acea fdlkn abyi sniaelsglc intf totieeer sraedis aa b.a t Wcamsac gheut••ere nOsaaHLaGrti notautinhm rahdsvCdtPgaeeeil e nae yem nr rs tana tc phlaeoom-a n itceonmspgryie de ui eiedlanlolaomptlgrly etos nngwloaeibremltevs ftayrmw —i.saptleicvlchhs eneaec o,iemepmeon sbtrnt n hbb eai(a gdsrcremlaciiaormenst cnatfgbelsiltaeoen lmrreywacidgscartn at iap o aetlnalofh) lrswaeittta aiiyvti nsep .trthohAevelt i fhddiroyeseust gh VVbTdVmscaiuhaiiiscrrarpereuutrtausyoeesssier ruedesciisnasa.sa e ald,, na (r esierev’ndeti,it r cshbeeuilmevyxusre tedap Drns liepy N nmarr, Aogeraetep obes lrmnryiuno R no sdasNtdmlhulAlceepcae) leoolll ll cfxs o aig.,nnl elTAef ntedIhehc DtaeteiyciiSor c, u oaisnwn af’ntlgu ;em entnoetsz td,aa bo,t o ocsoeloir z,st emat hinnaeul yltt y irmnpie eunmss ttoos ,fbs tpec rc a(ioDanNndsNcuseueicAsdrc l e,eeeo iv a craoe n R anrhd cN eo titdxAoshtc) ebrc eeect loesl .mew eEmnavs euotnenns d,sc oeoo,rrl dvami. rliougvsheets amsrpoiaucrrnkod sm cSionappndikeyee. p shUeunnmdlieaknnetly. 6CHAPTER4 Human Microbiome7
• Appear red or pink after a
counterstain is applied
Individual structural units called
capsomeresjoin together to form the
Because antibiotics such as penicillin work by attacking the peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell capsid.
wall, they are more effective against gram-positive bacteria.
Some viruses have an additional layer
surrounding the capsid: a spikey lipid
The Body AT WORK membrane called an envelope. The
spikes help the viruses grip their target cell.
Experts have long maintained that infectious disease occurs when a microorganism known to cause disease (called
a pathogen) invades the human body through a portal of entry(such as a break in the skin or the respiratory,
gastrointestinal, or genitourinary tract). However, the focus on one pathogen as the cause of a particular disease is Viral Shapes
beginning to change. The capsid may assume one of three basic shapes: helical, polyhedral, or complex. In each case, an envelope may, or may
It’s now clear that nearly everyone carries pathogens within the mix of the microbiome. In healthy individuals, not, surround the capsid.
potential pathogens coexist peacefully within the microbiome and produce no ill effects. Research is ongoing as
scientists seek to discover why, and under what conditions, some pathogens trigger illness. Findings are beginning
to show that what matters is not a particular bacterium, but the function of the microbiome as a whole.
Capsomere RNA DNA DNA
Capsomere Capsid
(head)
FAST FACT Capsid
FAST FACT Penicillin interferes with a bacterium’s ability to
When gut microbes from easygoing, adventurous manufacture peptidoglycan. As a result, the cell wall Capsid Sheath
mice were transplanted into the guts of anxious and becomes fragile and bursts, killing the bacterium. Tail fiber
timid mice, they became more adventurous. Because human cells don’t contain peptidoglycan,
they are not harmed.
Helical capsid Polyhedral capsid
Helical viruses consist of a strand of RNA In polyhedral viruses, the capsid consists of
spiraled within a protein cylinder. The rabies many triangular faces that surround a strand
virus and Ebola virus are both helical viruses. of DNA. Adenovirus is a polyhedral virus.
The influenza virus is a helical virus with an Herpes virus is a polyhedral virus with an Complex capsid
envelope. envelope. Complex viruses are neither helical nor
polyhedral. Bacteriophages(which infect
bacterial cells) are complex viruses, consisting
of a helical sheath and a complex head
containing DNA or RNA. A bacteriophage
uses the tail fibers to attach to the surface of
its host. It then uses the sheath like a syringe
Understand how the body functions to inject its nucleic acid into the target cell.
“The Body at Work” describes specific physiological
processes, explaining their hows and whys.
Uncorrected page proofs shown at reduced size.
7645_FM_i-xviii 24/07/19 2:07 PM Page iv
Build your vocabulary
Identify your strengths and weaknesses
A “Review of Terms” lets you quickly locate short
definitions for the key terms in every chapter. Answer the “Test Your Knowledge” questions at the
Use the audio glossary online at FADavis.com to end of every chapter to make sure you understand
hear pronunciations of the terms. the material while you assess your progress.
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70
Review of Key Terms
PART I Foundation of the Body AmtcocBBohoofraar igammlcccctairhf itnppodelealrli,soies rice:asm xionelaa oRp los::oin iftotSnce gEhdc,ie naoxw-s tostgin nhirflattee aghartm-pelih cen beeeet- dah lclatlyce ee hb tnl ddelrcauee rihcmdviectaie l ee ideorrafcusroinreagsomd;asnacioinspmsi cs EsGtgMiManounrnroc rii cavccrilulunorrmeapdooduslss ioinbbsinvfdpteiigyodaie: nbubit:ngaaMaa :ccl:Ss ttiompeSecTmrirrtikiihoacaaeeirse ,n yoic vnvm iobilnitripiropiguauci ilcsrotsd e oecenos cosbmre,hmeg aenosanm mfinwq dtiubuiws tfmnrehuoa iiun,ntnysegeid aaPDtaPiPnrlnnloialNflaodoneirws:t ctAsshmtfau Sie eboltrrrmi hafroudaceasafsctdt le7e :oel ar,s6frn lirS4ghlaootm5a amrtwn_ioyraCi -:lsDoallhmi tn0lkPNtoes4aea o c_ Atgbpphh0aa rs 5twicot no6ootaj e-ef bya0ro cc be7itbtuc2iahyeomc es nt1wrs es 0trcth o/toie0iahl c5lltahsh/t1e9 9:23 AM Page 71
inhabitants of the microbiome (such as in the mouth or the gut) body
Bacteriophage:Complex virus that Microbiome:The full complement Prebiotic:Foods containing
attaches to surface of a host and then of microbes (including bacteria, indigestible fibers that nourish and 71
uses a sheath-like syringe to inject its viruses, fungi, and archaea) living in feed healthy bacteria in the gut
uCkCbDnCvCieanuaoaaryecaicpppcspttllsecb essssg rii uiofici:tedooahm lnrae:sRemeci: etoPisbidiru:cGanre ocnigmTsenttd ele:tthaa rhioottnieIe eiurn t n rt smhvdsieohapieriur el vmhfatlsrilale do crrtfcumgohioacaevrapa lt etd lsm srlcirsytideyuinr-cliursglnrhr.c o ogtatbh uupoianreauatddltls aMfbPmPbindunoaeaeeinycgddctpntgac rhyetottiooir oiinfolvidbiyag revot ilg ieb hooncgaanemernglc l:yh iptloes ecuomwDn:ramsia iainaTtls alnie:a;vnh asdeu e Ss bb esiucnoee-obcdid ntams yhttugaome sng ihhnurcaeuegnml mpiitnya naof PbsSVcpeoerprieonnrodiutsreb eiifstsiliihn:tlcoaiei ntasU :gihglc ul eSlt:oiltrpvlf aSwe imar uabi tnpilah-cupcsr htchloeelaesemrcpaiioacleet pdnhtaai ct cbkm i2T1 cdaep..oic nacwnteThW tbdraectthio....eroaht iobah hi TTTTsahenlhgeait enoooosHeiehtatn n l ywlsidpiagutdde i haamqesedscynYun ao uttetanhvilindftfoe eyyscMur : e gdlmw toiutiscshhairecleeoa r rtosbhohefioue -o tcrrmhmg aKbeuaaea nnsH ciPi nntgseurmgerom nimjsoaoe a rccminectows rendMiodtioasiirnciclgnorgao ve DnwbeiriNiseotdmhdmAi sntegh aPantreodj eocnt? 6.Wbac... h BDBhBoinawuaaatNfccc mlneutttAf eeeaecfrrr nneoeiiicaaa cmxhtll ee we mdggrhatieeotsleunnth abhaneeil antss igaht c ehrystt.ex ;heah aervteturihe eatmm e rljs r ugoieaecsefnmftrfon eoagreecbes este i, n.go hftefrmhaeesvc eaedetit r, os o atag.nnalety nhih nweoufsuilm tudgheaohinnn nhc hetouh etmoaenliatrnh? CHAPTER4 Human Microbiome
imbalance inside the body a. harbor more bacterial cells than they have d. Bacteria do not have genes.
human cells. 7.What purpose does the capsule serve in bacteria?
b. harbor a significant number of bacterial cells but still a. It gives the cell its shape.
Own the Information have more human cells than bacterial cells. b. It regulates the flow of materials into and out of
c. have no bacterial cells, confirming that bacteria cause the cell.
disease. c. It synthesizes proteins.
d. harbor very few bacterial cells. d. It helps ward off attack by larger microorganisms.
To make the information in this chapter part of your Key Topics for Chapter 4: 3.What is the most significant step in microbiome 8.Which statement most accurately describes viruses?
working memory, take some time to reflect on what you’ve •Findings of the Human Microbiome Project development? a. Viruses are not cells but, rather, are bundles of
learned. On a separate sheet of paper, write down •Why the microbiome is important a. The introduction of solid food genetic material surrounded by a protein shell.
everything you recall from the chapter. After you’re done, •How individuals acquire their microbiomes b. Bottle feeding b. Viruses are single-celled microscopic organisms that
log on to the DavisPluswebsite, and check out the Study •Role of the microbiome in health and disease c. Administration of immunizations inhabit almost every environment on earth.
Group podcast and Study Group Questions for the •Stages in the development of the microbiome d. The birth process c. Viruses are often categorized through Gram staining.
chapter. •Ways to enhance and nourish the microbiom4e. Which statement about the human microbiome is most d. Viruses have a cell wall that consists of
•Components of the microbiome accurate? peptidoglycan.
•Effect of antibiotics on the microbiome a. Every healthy adult carries a mix of microorganisms 9.What is the most common way a person’s microbiome
•Structural components of bacteria that is basically similar, except for a few minor can become disrupted?
•Structural components of viruses variations. a. Acquisition of a bacterial infection
•How viruses replicate b. The components of the microbiome are basically the b. Acquisition of a viral infection
•Role of archaea and fungi in the microbiome same from one part of the body to another. c. Ingestion of alcohol
c. The components of the microbiome vary d. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
considerably between sites on the body and between 10.Imbalances in the microbiome have been linked to
individuals. which of the following disorders?
d. A healthy microbiome should be free from any a. Asthma
disease-causing bacteria. b. Heart disease
5.Which statement about bacteria is most accurate? c. Obesity
a. Bacteria are microscopic cells that contain a nucleus d. All of the above
and organelles. 11.Which technology has been shown to be effective in
b. The one consistent feature among all bacterial species treating Clostridium difficileinfections?
is the composition of the cell wall. a. Lithotripsy
c. Bacteria have the ability to transmit DNA from one b. Kidney transplant
bacterium to another. c. Blood transfusion
d. All bacteria have the same basic shape. d. Fecal transplant
Build a complete understanding
“Own the information” is a detailed plan
For additional resources visit
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important concepts.
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SEE, LISTEN, and DO...
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BEYOND THE TEXT...
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§ Animations § Flashcards
Watch the full-color animations that show Read each chapter and then “Test Yourself” to
you how physiological processes work while make sure that you understand the material.
a narrator explains step by step.
§ Audio Podcasts
§ Audio Glossary Listen to the “Chapter in Brief” summary
Hear pronunciations of the key terms in the book. for each chapter and to students in a “Study
Group” as they quiz each other.
§ Interactive Exercises
Complete the image-based “Body Language” labeling
exercises as well as interactive matching exercises to
find out what you know and don’t know.
7645_FM_i-xviii 24/07/19 2:07 PM Page vi
Workbook

Available for purchase separately.
Take a hands-on approach to A&P!
Rely on the Workbook to help you quickly identify your strengths
and weaknesses and learn where to focus your study time.
Each chapter in the Workbook corresponds to a chapter in the
text. Turn study time into game time with…
§ Conceptualize in Color
§ Sequence of Events
§ Puzzle It Out
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§ List for Learning
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§ Illuminate the Truth
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Gale Sloan Thompson, RN
7645_FM_i-xviii 26/07/19 9:17 AM Page viii
F. A. Davis Company
1915 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
www.fadavis.com
Copyright © 2020 by F. A. Davis Company
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Printed in the United States of America
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Thompson, Gale Sloan, author.
Title: Understanding anatomy and physiology : a visual, auditory, interactive
approach / Gale Sloan Thompson.
Other titles: Understanding anatomy & physiology
Description: 3rd edition. | Philadelphia, PA : F. A. Davis Company, [2020] |
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019002149 (print) | LCCN 2019002786 (ebook) | ISBN
9780803699700 (ebook) | ISBN 9780803676459 (pbk.)
Subjects: | MESH: Anatomy | Physiological Phenomena
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Preface
Even as you read this sentence, your body is performing significant. Knowing that the lymphatic system infiltrates
amazing feats. Electrical impulses are rocketing through the brain has triggered such research questions as, “Could
your brain at more than 200 miles per hour. Hundreds of sluggish lymphatic flow contribute to the development of
muscles continually tense and relax to keep you in an up- Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s diseases?”
right position and to allow your eyes to track across the The human body is an intriguing landscape, and
words on this page. A specific muscle—your heart—is con- your journey to discovery begins with reading this book.
tracting and relaxing at regular intervals to propel blood Contained on these pages is information about which
throughout your body. In fact, your blood will make two ancient scientists only dreamed. This information will
complete trips around your body before you finish reading enlighten you about your own body; what’s more, it
this preface. will arm you with knowledge that is foundational to any
Even more amazing is the fact that the vast array of health- or sports-related career.
cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems making up your Truly, before you can understand a body in illness,
body arose from just two simple cells—an egg and a you must understand how it functions in health. For
sperm. Consider, too, that you are genetically unique: example, without a thorough knowledge of fluid and
out of the more than 6 billion people populating the electrolyte balance, how can you explain why chronic
earth, no two individuals are completely alike. That is vomiting or diarrhea can cause irregular electrical activity
reason to marvel. in the heart? Without an understanding of how the
Artists and scientists have long been captivated by cardiovascular and respiratory systems interrelate, how
the human body. For centuries, artists have studied the will you grasp why chronic lung disease can lead to heart
body’s outward form, focusing on the movement and failure? How can you appreciate the need for caution in
shape of muscles and bones when rendering works of administering antibiotics without an understanding of
art. Scientists, on the other hand, yearned to discover the human microbiome? Consequently, you must learn—
the mysteries inside the body. For almost 3,000 years, really learnand not just memorize— the information
scientists have explored the depths of the human body: contained in this book.
not just how it is put together, but how and why it There is much to learn, to be sure; but don’t be
functions as it does. overwhelmed. Understanding Anatomy & Physiologybreaks
Exploration continues today, with the latest discovery the information into “bite-sized” pieces, making topics
being that of the human microbiome, a vast system of easier to understand and also to remember. As you read
microorganisms living on and in the human body. We now the text—and you mustread the text—you’ll be drawn
know that human health is not a matter of human DNA naturally to vibrant figures that will illuminate what you’re
alone. Rather, how your body functions, your propensity reading. Being able to see a structure while you’re reading
for certain diseases, how you respond to medications, and about it will make learning easier. Also, consult the inside
even how you think and behave, is a matter of microbial back cover of this book to discover your particular learning
cells and human cells working together. style; then take advantage of the ancillary materials most
If that’s not enough, scientists also recently discovered— likely to help you learn.
contrary to what today’s practicing physicians were taught You canlearn this. By the end of this course,
in medical school—that the body’s lymphatic system, and understanding the body’s form and function can become
therefore immune system, extends to the brain. This is second nature. Although tackling this class may seem like
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