Introduction – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano UNDERSTANDING AIRPLANES ©Bernardo Malfitano, 2018 UnderstandingAirplanes.com 1 Introduction – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano Copyright notice Copyright notice © : This slide deck is released under a These slides are © Bernardo Malfitano, and are released under a Creative Commons Attribution Non‐Commerciallicense. ThCis rmeeanas tyoiuv aree w Celcoomme tom reproodnuces t hAis ctontternit bas ulontg iaos yonu ‐giNve moe ncreCdito, anmd domn’t ueser tchei maalte‐rSial hin parorfiet‐gAenelriaktineg acltiivcitiees.nce. (If you would like to use these slides without giving me credit, or in profit‐generating activities, simply contact me and we’lltalk. For example, Boeing has my permission to use these slides for training employees, as long as I get to lead the training session). MTosht iimsa gmes ien tahenses s ltidhesa arte yeitoheur © a Breern afrdroe Mea lftitoan…o, or are in the public domain (e.g. pictures by NASA, the FAA, USAF, US Navy, >70 years old, etc.). However, many images in these slides have been released under Creative Commons by their respective owners, or are reproduced here with permission. ‐ make copies of these slides and distribute them as you wish, and The last few pages of these slides list all images, credit their owners, and specify their Intellectual Property status. If you use these images in your own works, pleas‐e uresspeec tp thaeirr towsn oerfs’ itnhtelilesc tcuaol pnrotpeerntyt r igihnts ,t ahs Ie ha cver deonaet hieoren: G oivef c rnedeitw to ocwonenrst oef Cnreta,tive‐Commons “BY” images, and ask for the owner’s permission before reproducing images that have not been openly licensed. ‐ without asking me (the creator) for permission . Proprietary Information reminder: We are not at Boeing! However, if you include some of my content in the creation of new content / derivative This course is popular among Boeing employees. However, it is open to the public. Many people in the room during these lectures are NOT Boeing employees! Dwo noot rdkiscsu s(s eBo.egin.g apr owprieetbarys iintfoerm, aytioonu, i.re . odewtailns a bpourte Bsoeeinng ptraodtuicotsn (o rs plroidceessess,) taha tb haoveo nkot, b eeetnc re.l)e,a stedh bey nBo eyinog tuo thme puubslitc in… books, articles / conferences, exhibits, press releases / interviews, documentaries / TV shows, or Boeing’s website / YouTube channel, etc. ‐ credit Bernardo Malfitano and UnderstandingAirplanes.com as the source of what you use, The way I think about it: I’m just going to pretend that all of the students taking this course are Airbus employees! Alon‐g spimuilabr lliniecsl: yTh er eoblseeravastieon st, hcoenc lucsoionns,t geennerta liyzaotioun sc, arned oaptineio nus enxpdreessre da h elriec aeren msy eow sn,i nmot imlay erm tpoloy etrh’s.is one. I am not a Boeing spokesperson, I do not represent Boeing. ‐ not profit from the content you create, or from the distribution of copies of my slides. (This means these slides may not be shown or distributed inside for‐profit companies). General Disclaimer: I don’t know everything Exceptions to the above restrictions are granted by me on a case‐by‐case basis. I have an academic background in aerodynamics (wind tunnel research into lift and drag), have done plenty of propulsion projectsand classes (e.g. designing, fabricating, and testing components for aerospace engines, and writing code to model the thermodynamic behaviorof said engines, i.e. their Feel free to contact me, Bernardo Malfitano, at [email protected] temperatures and pressures and thrust and fuel efficiency), currently work as a structures engineer and researcher, am a pilot, and have helped to design and built and test a UAV control system. So I think I do have a better overall understanding of how airplanes work than do most people at Boeing, who rarely look outside their niche. Images: Many of the images in these slides do not belong to me (or to the public domain); However, I don’t know allthe specific details about how allairplane features work, why they are shaped the way they are, or the history of how they got that way. There are quTeshtioenys y owu meary eha vree thlaet Ia dsone’t dkn obwy th et ahnsewierrs tcor, aenda itf yoour sas ku thnemd, eI wril l Cletr yeoua ktniovwe. “ WChoy emxacmtly doo nthes t ulribcoefann nsozezlses, o an tnhed 78 m7 anad n74y7‐ 8m havue sscta llbopeed ‘chevron’ edges?”; I’m not really sure. All I know is that they help the turbofan air mix with the free‐stream air in a way thatmakes less noise and is more fuel‐efficient (and I think thceyr seavde iwteeighdt toino).d Beivyoindd tuhaat,l yloyu.’l l Yhaoveu to w aski laln efxipnerdt i nt thhaet pmarti caulanr dfie ldt.h Buet, iarg asino, four rmcoset asir plliasnet epadrts ,a I hto ntehstely t heinnk tdha to I cfa nt ghivies a bdetotecr aunsmwere thnant .most people (including most academics and most Boeing people) about why it has its shape, how it works, and the history of how it gotthis way. Technical note – Embedded videos: Slides 10, 19, 22, 24, 31, 89, 134, 144, 178, 186, 222, and 244 of this PDF contain videos. Videos might not play properly if youuse non‐Adobe software to view this PDF. UnderstandingAirplanes.com 2 Introduction – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano Bernardo Malfitano Academic • B.S. Mechanical Engr., Stanford University • M.S. Mechanical Engr., Columbia University Elective courses, lab work, and research topics included airplane design, aerodynamics, control systems, and propulsion . Hobbies • Articles and photos on various aviation magazines, websites, & books, since 2003 • Pilot, RV‐6 owner. 1st solo: 2009 1st aerobatic solo: 2012 1st flight to Oshkosh: 2014 . Professional • Boeing Commercial Aviation Services (Fleet support, structural analysis of repairs, maintenance planning); Long Beach: 2007‐2008 • BCA Structural Damage Technology (Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics allowables testing and analysis methods development); Everett: 2009‐2018 • BCA Airplane Configuration & Integration (Product Development); Harbour Pointe: 2018‐Present UnderstandingAirplanes.com 3 Introduction – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano “Understanding Airplanes” Agenda •Everything I say will be written on theodd‐numberedslides. • 1: Lift & Wings …………………………………………………… 8 •So:Don’tworryabouttakingnotes. • 2: Drag & Aerodynamics ……………………………………. 46 •Iwillsayallthethingswrittenonthe odd‐numberedslides. • 3: Balance, Stability, & Controls.…………………………. 104 •So: You’re better off just listening to metalk,ratherthantryingtoreadthe • 4: Weight & Structures ………………………………………. 150 paperwhileI’mtalking • 5: Gliders Activity ………………………………………………. 194 • 6: Thrust & Engines …………………………………………... 196 Note: In the interest of time, • 7: Performance 232 thiscourseblaststhroughmost ofthecontentwithoutdivingin – Takeoff, Climb, Gliding, Landing .………………… 234 depth. Many interesting topics and fascinating aeronautical – Power Curve, Cruise Speed ………………………. 246 projects are only quickly – Flight Envelope …………………..……………………… 266 mentioned, or discussed for a minute or two, but each of • 8: Payload & Range, the Market, Derivatives …….. 272 them would make for a terrific book or course all by itself. These slides contain enough names and terms so that you can research further if any Note: These ~275 slides are for the eight‐hour version of the “Understanding Airplanes” course, which aircraft or topic sounds focusesonlyon commercialairlinertechnology.Visit the“Resources”pageon www.UnderstandingAirplanes.com interesting to you. Just go to forthe~340slidesfromthefull10‐hourversion,aswellasadditionalslidesfromstand‐alonepresentations. Google,Wikipedia,etc. These cover additional topics such as aviation history, piston engines, stealth airplane design, aerobatics, foam‐sandwichstructures,supersonicaerodynamics,seaplanes,theusedof3Dprintinginaeronautics,etc. UnderstandingAirplanes.com 4 Introduction – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano The Modern Airplane UnderstandingAirplanes.com 5 Introduction – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano Four Forces LIFT DRAG THRUST WEIGHT UnderstandingAirplanes.com 6 Introduction – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano Four Forces • Lift is the upwards force from how the wings push the air downwards • Drag is the backwards force from how everything on the airplane pulls the air forwards • Thrust is the forwards force from how the engines push the air backwards • Weight is the downwards force from how the airplane and the Earth attract each other (Now, let’s break down what causes these four forces. How can we reduce Weight & Drag, and more efficiently generate Lift & Thrust?) UnderstandingAirplanes.com 7 Part 1: Lift & Wings – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano Lift and Wings Coanda effect at the kitchen sink: Fluids follow Newton’s 3rd Law: curved surfaces Lift is “caused” by downwash UnderstandingAirplanes.com 8 Part 1: Lift & Wings – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano Lift and Wings • Newton’s Third Law: Wings deflect air downwards, air pushes wings upwards. • Air is deflected downwards because it follows the curvature of the wing: This is the “Coanda effect”, like the convex side of a spoon deflecting a thin stream of water from a faucet. • In short: How do wings work? They deflect air downwards, which makes the air push them upwards. This is the key. Everything else is details. UnderstandingAirplanes.com 9 Part 1: Lift & Wings – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 © Bernardo Malfitano Wings Deflect Air Downwards UnderstandingAirplanes.com 10
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