Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency

218 Pages·2014·1.02 MB·English

by  Scott Gates

Unconventional Warfare in SoUth aSia
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Unconventional Warfare
in South asia
Shadow Warriors and counterinsurgency
Scott GateS
Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway and Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway
KaUShiK roy
Jadavpur University, India and Peace Research
Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway
© Scott Gates and Kaushik roy 2014
all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Scott Gates and Kaushik roy have asserted their right under the copyright, Designs and
Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work.
Published by
ashgate Publishing limited ashgate Publishing company
Wey court east 110 cherry Street
Union road Suite 3–1
farnham Burlington, vt 05401–3818
Surrey, GU9 7Pt USa
england
www.ashgate.com
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
a catalogue record for this book is available from the British library
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Gates, Scott.
Unconventional warfare in South asia : shadow warriors and counterinsurgency / by
Scott Gates and Kaushik roy.
pages cm
includes bibliographical references and index.
iSBn 978–1–4094–3706–2 (hardback : alk. paper) – iSBn 978–1–4094–3707–9
(ebook) – iSBn 978–1–4724–0579–1 (epub)
1. irregular warfare – South asia. 2. counterinsurgency – South asia.
3. insurgency – South asia.
i. roy, Kaushik. ii. title.
DS341.G37 2014
355.02’180954–dc23
2013033631
iSBn 9781409437062 (hbk)
iSBn 9781409437079 (ebk – PDf)
iSBn 9781472405791 (ebk – ePUB)
V
Contents
List of Maps and Tables vii
Preface ix
List of Abbreviations xi
Glossary xv
Introduction 1
1 Counter-Insurgency: Theories and Tools in South Asia 5
2 Tribes, State-Building and Guerrillas in North-East India 39
3 Communist Insurgencies: Maoists in Nepal and India 65
4 Jihadis in Kashmir 89
5 Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies in Pakistan 113
6 Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Afghanistan:
From the Soviets to the Americans 131
7 Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Punjab 163
8 Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Sri Lanka: 1983–2009 175
Conclusion 191
Index 195
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List of Maps and Tables
Maps
1 Kashmir xvii
2 Pakistan xviii
Tables
1.1 Expansion of the Different Paramilitary Forces 26
1.2 Pakistan Army Corps in the New Millennium 31
2.1 Naga Clans within India in 1960 43
2.2 Strength and Areas of Operations of the Insurgent Armies in
North-East India in 2008 50
8.1 Strength and Organization of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces
in 2005 181
8.2 Formations Originally Earmarked for Operation PAWAN 184
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Preface
This volume, which deals with insurgencies and counter-insurgencies in South Asia,
is the product of two on-going projects. At the beginning of the first millennium
both of us started working on a project titled Colonial Legacies at the Centre for
the Study of Civil War (CSCW) at Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway.
And both of us had also started another project on Afghanistan two years ago. We
come from different academic streams. While one (who himself was the director
of the CSCW) is an economist and political scientist, the other is a historian. While
one author is theoretical, the other is empirical. While the former’s strongpoint is
global perspective, the latter is a South Asia expert. The amalgamation of different
methodologies widens the approach and offers a fresh perspective, which in turn
adds strength to this volume. We two authors have benefitted from the excellent
library facilities at PRIO. We have both aired our views (which have been put
forward in a more finished form in this volume) in several seminars that had
been held at PRIO and attended by not only PRIO members but also scholars
from different parts of the world. We acknowledge our debt to the organizers and
participants of these seminars. We also thank the Research Council of Norway’s
most excellent Centre of Excellence program that funded the Centre for the Study
of Civil War at PRIO. CSCW provided a marvellous environment for research. We
also received valuable financial support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and Ministry of Defence. We thank them for their valuable support. This
volume, which is the only one of its kind, was written for post graduate students,
researchers and policy makers. We hope they find it useful.