Unconventional Warfare from Antiquity to the Present Day PDF
Preview Unconventional Warfare from Antiquity to the Present Day
Unconventional Warfare from Antiquity to the Present Day BrianHughes(cid:129)FergusRobson Editors Unconventional Warfare from Antiquity to the Present Day Editors BrianHughes FergusRobson MaynoothUniversity TrinityCollegeDublin Maynooth,Ireland Dublin,Ireland ISBN978-3-319-49525-5 ISBN978-3-319-49526-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-49526-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017940529 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformation in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespectto thematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.The publisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutional affiliations. Coverillustration:©INTERFOTO/AlamyStockPhoto Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland A CKNOWLEDGMENTS The editors would like to express their deep gratitude to Professor John Horne and Dr Joseph Clarke of Trinity College, Dublin who conceived the theme for the workshop which gave rise to this volume and encour- aged us to refine and expand the scholarly discussion. Without their unstinting support, advice, insight, and intellectual generosity, neither the workshop northis volumecould have happened. WearealsoextremelygratefultotheTrinityLongRoomHubandtheir Research Incentive Scheme for their generous funding of the workshop. Special thanks are due to Eva Mühlhause for administrative support and calmcoordination. Those who attended the workshop contributed to a stimulating scho- larly discussion and encouraged contributors to rethink and hone their ideas and have also contributed to the final product presented in this volume. A debt of gratitude is owed to Emily Russell at Palgrave Macmillan whose encouragement and understanding were instrumental in allowing the projectto develop andcometo fruition. We are also grateful to Edward Elgar Publishing for permitting Julia Welland to publish an adapted version of work already published under theirimprint. Finally,ourthankstothecontributorstothisvolumeforrespondingto our repeated queries and demands in a timely manner and with good humour.Eachhasmadeauniqueandvaluablecontributiontothewhole. v C ONTENTS Introduction:Guerrillasand Counterinsurgency in History 1 BrianHughes andFergusRobson PartI Insurgents,Counterinsurgency, andCivilians in the NineteenthandTwentieth Centuries Genderand‘Population-centric’ Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan 25 Julia Welland ‘The BestFellagha Hunteris the Frenchof North African Descent’: Harkis in FrenchAlgeria 47 Raphaëlle Branche ‘Black-and-TanTendencies’: Policing Insurgencyin the Palestine Mandate,1922–48 67 SeánWilliam Gannon ‘The EntirePopulation ofthis God-forsakenIslandis Terrorisedby a Small Bandof Gun-men’: Guerrillasand Civilians Duringthe Irish Revolution 89 BrianHughes vii viii CONTENTS American Civil WarGuerrillas 109 Daniel E. Sutherland PartII SmallWar fromthe EarlyModern World toAntiquity Insurgent Identities,Destructive Discourses, andMilitarized Massacre:French Armies onthe Warpathagainst Insurgentsin theVendée, Italy,andEgypt 133 FergusRobson LordsoftheForestsinFlanders:SmallWarbyFreebootersand the DutchContributions Systemin Flanders, 1584–1592 155 Tim Piceu ‘AGreat Company of CountryClowns’: GuerrillaWarfare in the EastAnglian andWesternRebellions (1549) 177 AlexanderHodgkins Good KingRobert’sTestament?: Guerrilla Warfare in LaterMedievalScotland 197 Alastair J. Macdonald Guerilla Warfareand Revoltin Second Century BCEgypt 219 BrianMcGing UnorthodoxWarfare? Variety and ChangeinArchaic Greek Warfare (ca. 700–ca.480 BCE) 231 Matthew Lloyd Index 253 L F IST OF IGURES Fig.1 FortressesandfrontiertownsinFlanders(1584–1592) 160 Fig.2 Dutchheldfrontiertowns(1584–1592) 166 Fig.3 Warriorsattackingunarmedmenwhilegoatsgrazenearby 232 Fig.4 Archersandwarriorswithslingshotsbattleoverthebodyofa fallenwarrior 233 Fig.5 Heavilyarmouredwarriorsenterbattle–ChigiOlpe 241 Fig.6 ScenesfromthefallofTroy 244 ix Introduction: Guerrillas and Counterinsurgency in History Brian Hughes and Fergus Robson Thisvolumehasitsoriginsinaone-dayinternationalconferencehostedby theCentreforWarStudiesatTrinityCollege,Dublin,generouslyfunded by the Trinity Long Room Hub Research Incentive Scheme, and held in TrinityinMarch2015.Entitled‘UnconventionalWarfare:Guerrillasand Counterinsurgency from Iraq to Antiquity’, the workshop brought togetherscholarsinterestedinthephenomenonoffast-moving,‘irregular’ forces employing hit-and-run tactics against more orthodox armies in a variety of theatres and across the centuries. Contributors traced the lived experiences and historical representations of this mode of war from anti- quity and the early modern period through the turning point of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era and on to the guerrilla’s role in, and state and military responses to, the twentieth-century wars of decolonization. One strong thread running throughout the workshop was an interest in narratives, in how this form of conflict was presented by its practitioners, its victims, and in collective memory; how it was perceived, and how this in turn often served as a motor for violence and B.Hughes(*) MaynoothUniversity,Maynooth,Ireland e-mail:[email protected] F.Robson TrinityCollege,Dublin,Ireland e-mail:[email protected] ©TheAuthor(s)2017 1 B.Hughes,F.Robson(eds.),UnconventionalWarfarefrom AntiquitytothePresentDay,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-49526-2_1 2 B.HUGHESANDF.ROBSON counter-violence. As a group, we were interested in challenging and problematizing the frequently recurring dichotomy between ‘regular’ and‘irregular’fightersbased,asitis,onanoftenidealizedorevenflawed understandingoftheroleandbehaviouroftraditionalarmedformations. Participants also explored how guerrillas relate to the communities from which they emerge and the similarly entangled roles of guerrilla and bandit,brigand, freedomfighter,fanatic, orterrorist. The present volume is an extension and expansion of the scholarly discussion that emerged from this workshop, consisting of chapters by participants and others specially commissioned for the volume. It has brought together recently graduated doctoral candidates, early career scholars, and established academics from universities in Britain, Ireland, Europe, and the United States. The volume employs a regressive format, beginningwiththetwenty-first-centuryconflictinAfghanistanandwork- ing backwards, chronologically, to the seventh century BC. This novel approachallowsustoavoidteleologicalassumptionsaboutthemodernity or singularityof terrorism andguerrilla conflicts, to look forwards aswell as backwards, and to identify continuities alongside rupture and change. Chaptersaredividedintotwosections.TheessaysinPartIwillcoverthe modern era from ongoing conflict post-2000 to the nineteenth century and the American Civil War. Part II opens at what might be seen as the temporal fulcrum, the Revolutionary-Napoleonic era, with insurgency in early modern Europe, and continues back to our end point in Greece in theseventhcenturyBC.The11chaptersproducedherebringtogetherthe most recent research and writing from scholars in History, Politics and International Relations, Archaeology, and Classics, all of whom share an interest inthe dynamics of‘small war’. HISTORIOGRAPHY The entrance of US forces into Afghanistan in 2001, the joint US– British invasion of Iraq from 2003, and the subsequent military and political difficulties that developed, have coincided with – indeed encouraged – a vigorous renewed interest in counterinsurgency opera- tions after what might be viewed as several decades of relative neglect. In 2006, the US army published Field Manual 3–24 (FM 3–24) as a doctrine for modern counterinsurgency (or COIN).1 The publication of FM 3–24 can be seen as the culmination of a narrative trend that pointed to a successful means of carrying out irregular warfare,
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