Umma4n-manda and its Significance in the First Millennium BC

322 Pages·2009·3.38 MB·English

4
Umman-manda and its Significance in the First
Millennium B.C.

Selim F. Adalı

Doctor of Philosophy
Faculty of Arts
Department of Classics and Ancient History
University of Sydney
2009
Dedicated to the memory of my grandparents Ferruh Adalı, Melek Adalı, Handan Özker
CONTENTS

TABLES………………………………………………………………………………………vi

ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………..vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………………...xiv

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………..xv

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………...xvi

1 SOURCES AND WRITTEN FORM………………………………………………………...1

1.1 An Overview
1.2 The Written Forms in the Old Babylonian Omens
1.3 The Written Form in the Statue of Idrimi

2 ETYMOLOGY: PREVIOUS STUDIES…………………………………………………...20

2.1 The Proposed ma4du Etymology
2.1.1 The Interchange of ma4du and manda/mandu(m)
2.2 The Proposed Hurrian Origin
2.3 The Proposed Indo-European Etymologies
2.3.1 Arah}ab the ‘Man of the Land’
2.3.2 The Semitic Names from Mari and Choga Gavaneh
2.4 The Proposed man ı4de Etymology
2.5 The Proposed mada Etymology

3 ETYMOLOGY: MANDUM IN ‘LUGALBANDA – ENMERKAR’……………………44

3.1 Orthography and Semantics of mandum
3.1.1 Sumerian or Akkadian?
3.1.2 The Relationship between mandum, ma4tum and mada
3.1.3 Lexical Lists
3.1.3.1 The Relationship between mandum and ki
3.1.4 An inscription of Warad-Sı=n of Larsa
3.2 Lugalbanda II 342-344: Previous Interpretations and mandum
3.3 Lugalbanda II 342-344: mandum and its Locative/Terminative Suffix

4 ETYMOLOGY: PROPOSING MANDUM………………………………………………68

4.1 The Inhabited World and mandum
4.1.1 Umma4n-manda and the Inhabited World: Cyrus Cylinder
4.1.1.1 Umma4n-manda as Gentilic and Geographic Name
4.1.2 Umma4n-manda and the Inhabited World: Astrology
4.2 The Mountain Terrain in the Cuthaean Legend
4.2.1 Identifying Umma4n-manda in the Cuthaean Legend
4.2.1.1 Umma4n-manda in the Omen Literature
4.2.1.2 Umma4n-manda in the ‘Venus Tablet’
ii
4.3 Umma4n-manda in the Weidner Chronicle
4.3.1 ‘On Earth the Gods Made Their City’
4.3.2 Enmerkar and the Umma4n-manda
4.4 Umma4n-manda in the Second Millennium Documents
4.4.1 Mandu-Troops
4.4.2 The Manda Men in Mari
4.4.3 Umma4n-manda in the Hittite Laws
4.4.4 Umma4n-manda in the ‘Zukras]i-Text’
4.4.5 Umma4n-manda in the Statue of Idrimi
4.4.6 Umma4n-manda in a Letter to the King of Ugarit
4.5 The Plausibility of the mandum Etymology

5 THE CUTHAEAN LEGEND IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN AND NEO-BABYLONIAN
INSCRIPTIONS……………………………………………………………………………..122

5.1 Creation of Tiamat
5.2 Seed of Ruin
5.3 Umma4n-manda Evokes Parallels with the Cuthaean Legend
5.4 ‘In an Evil Manner’
5.5 Detecting Markers and Parallels
5.5.1 A Conducive Background for Literary Allusions
5.6 Emerging Patterns
5.6.1 Cuthaean Legend: a Summary
5.6.2 Converting Humiliation into ‘Heroism’
5.6.3 Identifying the Cimmerians and the Medes

6 NEO-ASSYRIAN SOURCES…………………………………………………………….148

6.1 The Cimmerians during the time of Sargon II
6.1.1 Location of Cimmeria
6.2 Umma4n-manda During the Reign of Esarhaddon
6.3 Umma4n-manda During the Reign of Assurbanipal
6.3.1 Cimmerians and Lydia
6.3.2 Akkulanu and the Umma4n-manda
6.3.3 Tugdammê Falls

7 NEO-BABYLONIAN SOURCES………………………………………………..……….175

7.1 Umma4n-manda in the Gadd Chronicle
7.1.1 The Untouchable Medes
7.1.2 ‘Land of Ecbatana’
7.1.3 Astyages Falls
7.2 Umma4n-manda in the Inscriptions of Nabonidus
7.2.1 The Medes in H}arran?
7.2.2 Fifty-Four Years of the Destruction (Brought) by the Umma4n-manda
7.2.3 The Influence of Assurbanipal
7.3 Umma4n-manda in the Cyrus Cylinder
7.3.1 Gutium in Neo-Babylonian Sources

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8 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………220

8.1 The Distant Eastern Homeland
8.2 Destructive Military Campaigns
8.3 Downfall without Mesopotamian Interference
8.4 Implications

APPENDIX 1: PRIMARY SOURCES……………………………………………………...224

1.-3. Old Babylonian Liver Omen references to the Umma4n-manda
1. YOS 10 44 53
2. VAT 602 5-9
3. VAT 4102 4
4. Administrational Document from Mari, ARM 7 221
5. - 8. Early Old Babylonian Archival Texts in Choga Gavaneh, Iran
5. ChG 5
6. ChG 18
7. ChG 31
8. ChG 34
9. Old Babylonian version of the composition t[ups]inna pite4ma “open the tablet box”
10. Statue of Idrimi, lines 42-58
11. The Middle Babylonian version of the composition t[ups]inna pite4ma “open the tablet box”
from H}attus]as] (Boğazköy)
12. The Hittite version of the composition t[ups]inna pite4ma “open the tablet box” from
H}attus]as] (Boğazköy)
13. Articles 54-55 in the Hittite Laws
14. Fragment of an account (from H}attus]ilis] I?), KBo 7 14, ‘Zukras]i Text’
15. Fragment of an account (from H}attus]ilis] I?), KBo 12 14
16. Letter from S$aus6gamuwa the king of Amurru addressed to king Ammis9tamru II of Ugarit,
RS 17.286

17. A Middle Assyrian Astrological Omen, BM 121034 20
18. Weidner Chronicle, lines 42-47, 62-68
19. A Birth Omen, S$umma Izbu V 79
20. The Standard Babylonian version of the composition t9ups]inna pite3ma “open the tablet
box”
21. - 40. Astrological Omens (Neo-Assyrian – Late Babylonian period)
21. ACh Sı=n III 7-8
22. ACh Adad XI 9
23. ACh Adad XXI 2
24. ACh Adad XIX 32
25. ACh Suppl. XLV 18
26. ACh 2 Suppl. IX 32 (K 3773)
27. EAE 17 D ii 1-2 (= ACh Sı=n 25 ii 5-6)
28. ACh Is]tar XXI 95
29. ACh Is]tar XXI 96
30. K 2933 8
31. ACh Sı=n IV 21-22 + LBAT 1256 r. 1-3
32. ACh 2 Suppl. XVIII 18-19
33. EAE 63 20
34. EAE 20 6 (Recension B) Lines 1-7
iv
35. EAE 21 Section 5 Line 1
36. EAE 15 E 4’
37. EAE 15 Section 8 Line 3
38. EAE 17 10’-12’
39. VAT 10218 106 43’-46’
40. K 213+Rm.2,250 24 (EAE 24 3 46)
41. Esarhaddon’s Prisms
42. Akkulanu’s letter to Assurbanipal
43. Assurbanipal’s letter to the god As6s6ur, K 3408, r. 12-26
44. Assurbanipal’s dedication to Marduk, K 120B+, lines 20-25
45. A barrel cylinder of Assurbanipal, BM 122616+ (=BM 122616 + BM 127966)
46. Basalt-Stela of Nabonidus I-II, X 1-31
47. Sippar Cylinder of Nabonidus, I 8 – 29
48. H}arran Cylinder of Nabonidus. I’ 1’-17’
49. The Cyrus Cylinder 1-19
50. Gadd Chronicle, BM 21901, lines 16-30, 38-52, 58-65
51. Sp. 158 + Sp. II, 962, Spartoli II, lines r. 18-23

APPENDIX 2: H TUPSINNA TEXT SCORE.......................................................................273

APPENDIX 3: SPARTOLI II.................................................................................................279

1 Be4l or Enlil?
2 Subliminal Allusions to the Cuthaean Legend

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………...285

v
TABLES

1. Orthography of the word Umma4n-manda…………………………………………17-19
2. Orthography of the word Umma4n-mandu(m)………………………………………...19
3. Middle and Standard Babylonian versions of Naram-Sin’s enemies…….……….79-80

vi
ABBREVIATIONS

Ch. Chapter
GN Geographical name
o. Obverse
PN Personal name
r. Reverse
e. edge
lit. literally
RN Royal name
s. left side
! collation
!! emendation
? uncertain reading
x broken or undechiphered sign
< > supplied word or sign
[ ] erasure
[…] (when in transliteration) text break
[…] (when in translation) untranslatable
… (when in transliteration) text break
… (when in translation) untranslatable
var. variant
ver. version

AAA - University of Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology

ABC – Grayson, A. K. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. (Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5) Locust Valley,
New York. Augustin. 1975

ABCD – Rochberg-Halton, F. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enu4ma
Anu Enlil. (Archiv für Orientforschung Beiheft 22). Horn. Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Sohne Gesellschaft M. B.
H. 1988

ABL – Harper, R. F. Assyrian and Babylonian Letters. London and Chicago. Chicago University Press, Luzac
and Company, D. C. Heath and Company. (1892-1914)

ACh – Virolleaud, C. L’Astrologie Chaldéenne. Paris. Librairie Paul Geuthner. 1908-1912

AfO – Archiv für Orientforschung

AHw – von Soden, W. Akkadischen Handworterbuch. Wiesbaden. Otto Harrassowitz. 1981

AnSt – Anatolian Studies

ARM 7 – Bottéro, J. Textes économiques et administratifs. (Archives Royales de Mari VII). Paris. Imprimerie
Nationale. 1957; Bottéro, J. Textes administratifs. (Textes Cunéiformes Tome XXVIII - Archives Royales de
Mari VII). Librairie Orientalische Paul Geuthner. Musée du Louvre-Départment des Antiquités Orientales. 1956

ArOr – Archiv Orientalni

Basalt-Stela of Nabonidus – Schaudig, H. Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros’ des Großen samt
den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften: Textausgabe und Grammatik. (Alter Orient und Altes
Testament Band 256). Münster. Ugarit-Verlag. 2001, pp. 515-529; Langdon, S. Die neubabylonischen
Königinschriften. (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek Bd 4). R. Zehnpfund, trans. Leipzig. J. C. Hinrichs’sche
Buchhandlung. 1912, pp. 271 – 287

BASOR – Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

vii
BAVSS – Beiträge zur Assyriologie und Vergleichenden Semitischen Sprachwissenschaft

BCSMS – Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies

BHT – Smith, S. Babylonian Historical Texts Relating to the Capture and Downfall of Babylon. London.
Methuen. 1924

BIN I – Keiser, C. E. Letters and Contracts from Erech Written in the Neo-Babylonian Period (Babylonian
Inscriptions in the Collection of J. B. Nies 1). New Haven. Yale University Press. 1918

BiOr – Bibliotheca Orientalis

Bisitun Inscription, DB – Bisitun Inscription: Old Persian Text in Kent, G. K. Old Persian: Grammar Texts
Lexicon. (American Oriental Series 33). New Haven, Conneticut. American Oriental Society. 1953, pp. 116-135

BIWA – Borger, R. Beiträge zum Inschriftenwerk Assurbanipals. Die Prismenklassen A, B, C = K, D, E, F, G,
H, J und T sowie andere Inschriften. Wiesbaden. Harrassowitz Verlag. 1996

BoTU 2 – Forrer, E. Die Boghazkoi-Texte in Umschrift, Zweiter Band: Geschichtliche Texte aus dem Alten und
Neuen Chatti-Reich. Leipzig. J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung. 1926

Bo Tupsinna – The Middle Babylonian version of the composition t9ups]inna pite3ma “open the tablet box” from
H}attus]as] (Boğazköy) in Appendix 1.11

BPO 1 – Reiner, E., and D. Pingree. Babylonian Planetary Omens 1:Enu4ma Anu Enlil, Tablet 63: The Venus
Tablet of Ammis[aduqa. (Bibliotheca Mesopotamica Vol. 2 Fasc. I). Malibu. Undena Publications. 1975

BPO 2 – Reiner, E,, and D. Pingree. Babylonian Planetary Omens Part Two: Enu4ma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51.
(Bibliotheca Mesopotamica Vol. 2 Fasc. 2). Malibu. Undena Publications. 1981

BPO 3 – Reiner, E., and D. Pingree. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. (Cuneiform Monographs 11).
Groningen. Styx Publications. 1998

CAD – Gelb, I. J., and A. L. Oppenheim, B. Landsberger, et al. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute
of the University of Chicago. Chicago. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Glückstadt. J. J.
Augustin Verlagsbuchhandlung. (1956 - )

CAH Iran 2 – Gershevitch, I, ed. The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 2: The Median and Achaemenian
Periods. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1985

CCK – Wiseman, D. J. Chronicles of Chaldean Kings (626 – 556 B.C.) In The British Museum. London. British
Museum Publications. 1956

CDA – Black, J., and A. George, N. Postgate, A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Wiesbaden. Harrassowitz
Verlag. 2000

CE – Lanfranchi, G. B., and M. Roaf, R. Rollinger, eds. Continuity of Empire(?): Assyria, Media, Persia.
Padova. S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria. 2003

CHD – Güterbock, H. G., and H. A. Hoffner, Jr., eds. The Hittite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the
University of Chicago. Chicago. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. (1980-)

CT 13 – King, L. W. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Part XIII. London. British
Museum. Order of the Trustees. 1901

CT 35 – Leeper, A. W. A., and C. J. Gadd. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum
Part XXXV. London. British Museum. Order of the Trustees. 1920 [reprinted 1976]

Cyrus Cylinder – ‘The Cyrus Cylinder’ BM 90920 in Berger, P. - R. “Der Kyros-Zylinder mit dem
Zusatzfragment BIN II Nr. 32 und die akkadischen Personennamen im Danielbuch” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie
viii
64 (1975), pp. 194-203; Schaudig, H. Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros’ des Großen…:
Textausgabe und Grammatik. (Alter Orient und Altes Testament Band 256). Münster. Ugarit-Verlag. 2001, pp.
551-556; Weißbach, F. H. Die Keilschriftexten der Achameniden, (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek Bd 3). Leipzig. J.
C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung. 1911, pp. 2-8

EAE – Enu4ma Anu Enlil

Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta – Cohen, S. Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. University of Pennsylvania.
PhD. Ann Arbor, Michigan. University Microfilms. 1973, pp. 61-111

ePSD – Tinney, S., ed. The Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary. Babylonian Section of the University
of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. <http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsol/html>

ETCSL – Black, J. A., and G. Cunningham, J. Ebeling, E. Flückiger-Hawker, E. Robson, J. Taylor, G. Zólyomi.
The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Oxford. (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/). 1998–2006

Gadd Chronicle – Gadd, C. J. The Fall of Nineveh, The Newly Discovered Babylonian Chronicle, No 21,901 in
the British Museum. London. The British Museum. 1923, pp. 31 – 42, Pl. I – VI; Wiseman, D. J. Chronicles of
Chaldean Kings (626 – 556 B.C.) In The British Museum. London. British Museum Publications. 1956, pp. 55 –
65, 79 –82; pl. IX – XII; Grayson, A. K. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. (Texts from Cuneiform Sources
5) Locust Valley, New York. Augustin. 1975, pp. 90-96; Glassner, J.-J. Mesopotamian Chronicles. B. R. Foster,
ed. (Writings from the Ancient World 19). Atlanta. Society of Biblical Literature. 2004, pp. 218-225

GAG – Von Soden, W. Grundriss der Akkadischen Grammatik. (Analecta Orientalia 33) Roma. Pontificium
Institutum Biblicum. 1952

H}}a}} rran Cylinder – Donbaz, V. “Deux nouvelles inscriptions de Nabonide, roi de Babylone” Anatolia Antiqua 1
(1987), pp. 19-20; Schaudig, H. Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros’ des Großen…: Textausgabe
und Grammatik. (Alter Orient und Altes Testament Band 256). Münster. Ugarit-Verlag. 2001, pp. 473-474

Herodotus, Histories I-IV – Rosén, H. I. Herodoti Historiae. Vol I Libros I-IV Continens. Leipzig. BSB B. G.
Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft. 1987

H}}h}} }} }}XIV – HA} R-ra = h}ubullu Tablet XIV in MSL 8/2

Horsnell Year-Names Babylon II – Horsnell, M. J. A. The Year-Names of the First Dynasty of Babylon. Volume
II. The Year-Names Reconstructed and Critically Annotated in the Light of Their Examplars. Ontario. McMaster
University Press. 1999

H Tupsinna – The Hittite version of the composition t[ups]inna pite4ma “open the tablet box” from H}attus]as]
(Boğazköy) in Appendix 1.12

HZL – Rüster, C., and E. Neu. Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon: Inventar und Interpretation der Keilschriftzeichen
aus den Boğazköy-Texten. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Beiheft 2). Wiesbaden. Otto Harrassowitz. 1989

IBoT 4 – Eren, M., and H. A. Hoffner, Jr. İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerinde Bulunan Boğazköy Tabletleri
IV.Boğazköy Tablets in the Archaeological Museums of Istanbul IV. (Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek
Kurumu Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları VI. Dizi – Sa. 27). Ankara. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. 1988

Idrimi – Normalization in Oller, G. H. The Autobiography of Idrimi: A New Text Edition with Philological and
Historical Commentary. University of Pennsylvania. PhD. Ann Arbor, Michigan. University Microfilms. 1977,
pp. 9-18; transliteration in ibid., pp. 19, 30, 40, 50, 70, 83, 90, 100, 107, 113, 120, 129

IIT – “Inscription from the IshtarTemple” in A. Fuchs in BIWA, pp. 264-290; Thompson, R. C. and M. E. L.
Mallowan. “The British Museum Excavations at Nineveh 1931-32” University of Liverpool Annals of
Archaeology and Anthropology 20 (1933), pp. 79-98, pl. LXXX-XCVII, nos. 1-97, 99-101

ISL I – Oberhuber, K. Sumerisches Lexikon zu “George Reisner, Sumerisch-babylonische Hymnen nach
Thontafeln griechischer Zeit (Berlin 1896)” (SBH) und verwandten Texten, Abteilung I: Sumerisches Lexikon zu
den zweisprachigen literarischen Texten. (Innsbrucker Sumerisches Lexikon des Instituts für Sprachen und
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