Uluslararası ceza mahkemesi: birey güvenliğini temel alan üstün bir araç mıdır?

142 Pages·2014·1.8 MB·Turkish

by  Rana Baltacı

Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences

Department of International Relations

THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: AN
AUTONOMOUS AGENT OF HUMAN SECURITY?

Rana Baltacı

Master‘s Thesis

Ankara, 2014
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: AN AUTOMONOUS AGENT OF
HUMAN SECURITY?

Rana Baltacı

Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences

Department of International Relations

Master‘s Thesis

Ankara, 2014

BİLDİRİM

Hazırladığım tezin/raporun tamamen kendi çalışmam olduğunu ve her alıntıya kaynak
gösterdiğimi taahhüt eder, tezimin/raporumun kağıt ve elektronik kopyalarının
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü arşivlerinde aşağıda belirttiğim
koşullarda saklanmasına izin verdiğimi onaylarım:

 Tezimin/Raporumun tamamı her yerden erişime açılabilir.
 Tezim/Raporum sadece Hacettepe Üniversitesi yerleşkelerinden erişime açılabilir.
 Tezimin/Raporumun …… yıl süreyle erişime açılmasını istemiyorum. Bu sürenin
sonunda uzatma için başvuruda bulunmadığım takdirde, tezimin/raporumun
tamamı her yerden erişime açılabilir.

09.06.2014

Rana Baltacı
iii

To My Brother
iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my advisors, Assoc.
Prof. Müge Kınacıoğlu and Assoc. Prof. Havva Kök Arslan. They offered the
knowledge, guidance, encouragement, and emotional support throughout my master‘s
study. I count myself lucky to find the opportunity to work with them and gain from
their knowledge and guidance.

I owe thanks to Assist. Prof. Selver Şahin for her valuable contributions to this study. I
appreciate her willingness to serve on my thesis committee and her insight, valuable
advice, and suggestions throughout this process.

I am also grateful to Assist. Prof. Mine Pınar Gözen Ercan, Assist. Prof. Ayşe Ömür
Atmaca, Assist. Prof. Murat Önsoy for being members of my thesis committee and
providing constructive feedback.

Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my dear family for their never
ending love and support. All of this would not be possible without them. There is no
simple way to tell how much they mean to me.

I am also thankful to all my professors, colleagues and friends for their valuable
company and contributions to my life. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my
dearest friends and colleagues Sercan İnal, Burçak Kılınç, Nagehan Döyen, Eda
Albayrak, Ayşegül Büyükkeleş and Hakan Alkan for everything they brought to my life
as well as their support in this study.
v

ÖZET

BALTACI, Rana. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi: Birey Güvenliğini Temel Alan Üstün Bir
Araç Mıdır?, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2014.

Bu çalışma, birey güvenliğinin zirvesi kabul edilen Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin
incelemesi üzerinden güvenlik çalışmalarına alternatif bakış açılarını bir arada sunmayı
amaçlamaktadır. Eskiden, güvenlik çalışmaları devleti temel alırdı. Bu sebeple, ulusal ve
uluslararası güvenlik konuları, güvenlik çalışmalarının incelediği temel konular olmuştur.
Soğuk savaş sonrası dönemde, güvenlik konuları, tehdit algılamasının değişmesiyle
değişikliğe uğradı. Artık devletin varlığı, esas güvensizlik ve istikrarsızlık sebebi haline
geldiğinden, devletler değil bireyler devlete karşı koruma altına alınmalıydı. Dolayısıyla,
güvenlik çalışmaları sivillerin güvenliği üzerine yoğunlaştı. Birey güvenliği kavramı
nispeten yeni olmasına rağmen devletler, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve uluslararası örgütler
tarafından büyük ölçüde desteklendi. Kavramsallaştırılmasının ötesinde, birey güvenliğinin
uygulamaya konması, kalıcı bir uluslararası ceza mahkemesinin kurulmasıyla can buldu.
Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, bireyler üzerinde yargılama gücüne sahip ve uluslararası
örgütlerden tamamen bağımsız bir mahkeme olarak tasarlanmıştır. Bu yapısıyla yürürlüğe
girdiğinden, oldukça etkin ve tarafsız bir mahkeme olması bekleniyordu. Ancak, ilk 12
yılında, sadece Afrika odaklı dava seçimleri yüzünden şiddetli eleştirilere maruz kalmaktan
ve ABD‘nin mahkeme karşıtı propagandasıyla güvenilirliği zedelenen bir mahkeme
olmaktan öteye geçemedi. Genel olarak, bu çalışma, uluslararası ceza mahkemesinin birey
güvenliğini temel alan üstün ve etkili bir güç olup olamadığını tartışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler
Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, Birey Güvenliği, Roma Statüsü, Uluslararası Ceza
Mahkemesi Davaları, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi Karşıtı Propagandalar.
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ABSTRACT

BALTACI, Rana. International Criminal Court: An Autonomous Agent of Human
Security?, Master‘s Thesis, Ankara, 2014.
This study aims to present a completion of alternative perspectives to security studies
through the analysis of the international criminal court which is accepted as the
culmination of human security. It was the ‗state‘ that was referred as the referent object in
security studies. Thus, national and international security concerns were the core issues
examined in security studies. After the end of the Cold War, security concerns multiplied
with the shift in threat perceptions. Now that the existence of the state has been the
principal reason of instability and insecurity, there should be protection for the individuals,
not the states. Hence, the security studies also concentrated on the security of the civilians.
The concept of human security is a relatively new issue and it is considerably supported by
states, NGOs, international organizations. Beyond its conceptualization, the
implementation of the human security has been most vivid with the establishment of a
permanent international criminal court that is based on human security, namely the
International Criminal Court (ICC). The Court has jurisdiction over individuals and it has
been designed as fully independent from international organizations. Since it entered into
force with this structure, it was expected to be highly efficient and unbiased court.
However, in its first twelve years, the Court was severely criticized with its case selection
(mostly concentrated on Africa) and it was considerably undermined with the anti-ICC
campaign of the USA. In general, this thesis argues that the ICC could not be an effective
and autonomous agent of human security although its statute was designed as giving nearly
no room for abuses and misinterpretations.

Key Words
International Criminal Court, Human Security, Rome Statute, ICC Cases, Anti-ICC
Campaign.
vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

KABUL VE ONAY .……………………………………………………………….…….. i
BİLDİRİM ...………………………………………………………………………...…… ii
DEDICATION ………………..…………………………………………………………. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …...………………………………………………………... iv
ÖZET……………….…………………….……………………………………………….. v
ABSTRACT ...…………………………………………………………………………… vi
TABLE OF CONTENT ..……………………………………………………………… vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ………….……………………………………………....... x
INTRODUCTION ..……………………………………………………………………… 1
CHAPTER 1 : HUMAN SECURITY ..………………………………………………… 5
1.1. Evolution of the Concept of Human Security ...………………..….……… 5
1.2. The Definition and the Content of Human Security ................................... 9
1.2.1. Human Security In 1994 UN Human Development Report ...…....... 9
1.2.2. Definition And Scope Of Human Security ..………………………. 12
1.3. Limitations of the Concept of Human Security …...……………..……… 14
1.4. Human Security in Practice .........………..……………...………………… 17
CHAPTER 2 : HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
COURT …………………...……….……….…………………………………...………. 21
2.1. The Birth of the Idea of the Establishment of ICC .................................... 21
2.2. International Military Tribunal for Nuremberg and the Far East .......... 24
2.3. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and
Rwanda…………………………………………………………………………... 28
2.3.1. The Road to International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia
(ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
(ICTR)……………………………………………………………………. 29
2.3.2. The Content and the Scope of ICTR and ICTY ..…………………. 32
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2.3.3. Similarities and Differences of ICTR and ICTY from Tokyo and
Nuremberg Trials ………………………………………………………... 34
2.3.4. Successes and Failures of ICTR and ICTY ……………………...... 36
2.4. Special Court for Sierra Leone ...………….…………………………….... 41
CHAPTER 3 : INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT …………………………. 46
3.1. Making of the Rome Statute ..……………………………………………... 47
3.1.1. Creation of Rome Statute ………………………………………..... 47
3.1.2. Rome Conference ...…………………………………….................. 51
3.1.3. Developments after the Rome Statute …...…………....................... 54
3.2. Statute of the International Criminal Court ..……………………………. 56
3.2.1. Structure and Administration of the Court ...……………………… 56
3.2.1.1. Presidency …………………………………………......... 56
3.2.1.2. Chambers ...……………………………………………… 57
3.2.1.3. The Office of the Prosecutor ………………………......... 59
3.2.1.4. The Registry …………………………………………….. 60
3.2.1.5 The Assembly of the State Parties ……………………..… 60
3.2.2. Scope of the Rome Statute ...……………………………………… 61
CHAPTER 4 : INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT INVESTIGATIONS ...... 68
4.1. Situations Referred by the State Parties …………………...…………….. 69
4.1.1. The Situation in Uganda …………………………………………... 69
4.1.2. The Situation in Democratic Republic of Congo ..………………... 71
4.1.3. The Situation in Central African Republic ………………………... 75
4.1.4. The Situation in Mali ...……………………………………………. 78
4.2. Situations Referred by the UNSC ...………………………………………. 81
4.2.1. The Situation in Darfur, Sudan ……………………………………. 81
4.2.2. The Situation in Libya …………………………………………….. 85
4.3. Situations Initiated by the Prosecutor ..…………………………………... 87
4.3.1. The Situation in Kenya …………………………………………..... 87
4.3.2. The Situation in Côte d'Ivoire …………………………………….. 89