Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook: UVGI for Air and Surface Disinfection

504 Pages·2009·16.86 MB·English

by  Wladyslaw Kowalski (auth.)

Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook
Wladyslaw Kowalski
Ultraviolet Germicidal
Irradiation Handbook
UVGI for Air and Surface Disinfection
123
WladyslawKowalski
ImmuneBuildingSystems,Inc.
575MadisonAve.
NewYork,NY10022
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-642-01998-2 e-ISBN978-3-642-01999-9
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-01999-9
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009932132
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009
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SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
IdedicatethisbooktoDr.ThomasWhittamandtohis
family.Tompassedawayalltoosuddenlyduringthewriting
ofthisbook.Hewasmymentorandtutorinthefieldof
microbiologyandgenetics,andtaughtmelaboratory
techniquesaswellasinspiringmewiththedesiretoachieve
excellence.Ithadalwaysseemedtomethatscientists,
unlikesomanymusicians,artists,writers,andactors,were
alwaysallowedtocompletetheirgreatestworks,andsoit
isespeciallysadtoseeanyoneleavethisworldwhenthey
areinthemidstofdoinggreatresearchandusefulscience,
andwhentheyhadsomuchmoretogive.
Preface
This book is a comprehensive source for technical information regarding ultravi-
olet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) and its application to air and surface disinfec-
tion for the control of pathogens and allergens. The primary focus is on airborne
microbesandsurfacecontaminationapplications.Water-basedapplicationsarenot
addressedhereexceptincidentallyastheyrelatetoairandsurfacemicrobes,since
many adequate texts on water-based UV disinfection are available. All aspects of
UVGIsystems,includingdesignmethods,modeling,safety,installation,guidelines,
anddisinfectiontheoryareaddressedinsufficientdetailthatnoadditionalsources
needbeconsulted.Itishopedbytheauthorthatprovidingthisinformationinone
singlevolumewillsimplifythedesignandinstallationofUVGIsystems,helpguar-
anteeeffectiveperformanceofnewsystems,andfacilitatetheiruseonawidescale
forthepurposeofimprovinghumanhealthandcontrollingepidemicdisease.This
book is organized to provide systematic coverage of all essential issues and will
serveequallywellasbothatextbookandahandbookforgeneralreference.
Any readers who find technical errors or omissions in this book may to send
[e-mail]
http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/UVGI/errata.htm. All other correspon-
[email protected].
vii
Acknowledgements
I gratefully acknowledge all those who assisted me in the research, preparation,
andreviewofthechaptersinthisbook,includingWilliamBahnfleth,SteveMartin,
Chuck Dunn, Jim Freihaut, Dave Witham, Ed Nardell, Richard Vincent, Mark
Hernandez, Ana Nedeljkovic-Davidovic, Clive Beggs, Renzhou Chen, Normand
Brais, Katja Auer, Warren Lynn, Mike Sasges, Bill Carey, Tatiana Koutchma,
Forrest Fencl, Russ Briggs, Josephine Lau, Carlos Gomes, Fahmi Yigit, Herbert
Silderhuis, Joe Ritorto, Merrill Ritter, Brad Hollander, Scott Prahl, Karl Linden,
WilliamBalch,AtanuSengupta,M.D.Lechner,KetanSharma,DonaldMilton,and
especially Mary Clancy all the members of the IUVA Air Treatment Group who
supported the UV Guidelines project, and also Linda Gowman, Jim Bolton and
everyone in the International Ultraviolet Association who sponsored the UV Air
TreatmentGroup.AspecialthanksgoestoAliDemirciandRaymondSchaeferfor
theircontributionstothechapteronPulsedUVSystems.Iespeciallythankmypar-
ents,StanleyJ.KowalskiandMarylaKowalski,andmysisterVictoriaChorpenning
for their unwavering support and encouragement during these past few years as I
recoveredmyhealthandreturnedtoresearch.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction................................................... 1
1.1 UltravioletGermicidalIrradiation(UVGI) .................... 1
1.2 BriefHistoryofUltravioletDisinfection ...................... 2
1.3 UnitsandTerminology..................................... 6
1.4 Airvs.WaterDisinfection.................................. 8
1.5 SurfaceDisinfection....................................... 9
1.6 AirDisinfection .......................................... 10
1.7 AirDisinfectionFieldStudies............................... 10
1.8 PathogensandAllergens ................................... 11
1.9 CurrentResearch ......................................... 12
1.10 UVGIandtheFutureofDiseaseControl...................... 13
References ..................................................... 13
2 UVGIDisinfectionTheory ...................................... 17
2.1 Introduction.............................................. 17
2.2 UVInactivation........................................... 17
2.3 UVAbsorptionSpectra .................................... 25
2.4 UVPhotoprotection ....................................... 28
2.5 CovalentBondingandPhotonInteraction ..................... 31
2.6 UVPhotoproducts ........................................ 32
2.7 DNAConformation ....................................... 33
2.8 PhotonDensityandSingle-HitConcepts...................... 35
2.9 PhotochemistryofRNAViruses............................. 38
2.10 PhotochemistryofDNAViruses............................. 39
2.11 PhotochemistryofBacteria ................................. 39
2.12 Photoreactivation ......................................... 40
2.13 UVScattering ............................................ 42
References ..................................................... 47
3 MathematicalModelingofUVDisinfection ....................... 51
3.1 Introduction.............................................. 51
3.2 UVDisinfectionModeling ................................. 51
3.3 UVExposureDose(Fluence) ............................... 52
xi
xii Contents
3.4 SingleStageDecay........................................ 53
3.5 TwoStageDecay ......................................... 54
3.6 ShoulderCurves .......................................... 57
3.7 TwoStageShoulderCurves................................. 58
3.8 RelativeHumidityEffects .................................. 59
3.8.1 RHEffectsonViruses ............................. 60
3.8.2 RHEffectsonBacteria ............................ 62
3.8.3 RHEffectsonBacterialandFungalSpores............ 67
3.9 ModelingPhotoreactivation................................. 68
3.10 AirTemperatureEffects.................................... 70
References ..................................................... 70
4 UVRateConstants ............................................. 73
4.1 Introduction.............................................. 73
4.2 RateConstantsandSurvivalCurves.......................... 74
4.3 UVRateConstantDatabase ................................ 74
4.3.1 BacteriaRateConstants............................ 75
4.3.2 VirusRateConstants .............................. 76
4.3.3 FungiRateConstants.............................. 81
4.4 SurfaceUVRateConstants................................. 82
4.5 WaterRateConstants...................................... 84
4.6 AirborneRateConstants ................................... 86
4.7 NarrowBandUVCvs.BroadbandUVB/UVC................. 87
4.8 RelativeHumidityEffects .................................. 88
4.9 RateConstantDeterminants ................................ 90
4.10 UVScatteringinWater .................................... 94
4.11 PredictionofUVSusceptibility ............................. 96
References .....................................................105
5 UVGILampsandFixtures ......................................119
5.1 Introduction..............................................119
5.2 TypesandCharacteristicsofUVLamps ......................120
5.3 LampPower,Size,andNomenclature ........................123
5.4 LampBallasts ............................................125
5.4.1 MagneticBallasts.................................125
5.4.2 ElectronicBallasts ................................126
5.5 MicrowaveUVLamps.....................................126
5.6 UVLEDs................................................127
5.7 PulsedUVLamps.........................................129
5.8 LampRatings ............................................129
5.9 LampShapes.............................................129
5.10 LampFixtures............................................130
5.11 UpperRoomLampFixtures ................................131
5.12 LampCoolingEffects .....................................132
Contents xiii
5.13 OzoneGeneration.........................................135
5.14 LampMaintenance........................................135
References .....................................................136
6 SystemsandEquipment ........................................139
6.1 Introduction..............................................139
6.2 AirDisinfectionSystems...................................139
6.2.1 In-DuctAirDisinfection ...........................140
6.2.2 RecirculationUnits................................142
6.2.3 UpperRoomSystems .............................143
6.2.4 UVBarrierSystems ...............................144
6.2.5 OverheadTankDisinfection ........................145
6.3 SurfaceDisinfectionSystems ...............................145
6.3.1 EquipmentandPackagingDisinfection...............146
6.3.2 CoolingCoilDisinfection ..........................147
6.3.3 LowerRoomDisinfection..........................148
6.3.4 OverheadSurgicalSiteDisinfection..................149
6.3.5 Area/RoomDisinfection ...........................150
6.3.6 FoodSurfaceDisinfection..........................151
6.3.7 MoldRemediationSystems.........................152
6.3.8 UVHandWands..................................152
6.4 UVReflectiveMaterials....................................153
6.5 UVLightBaffles .........................................153
6.6 UV-TransmittantMaterials .................................155
6.7 UVAbsorbers............................................155
6.8 FlowStraighteners ........................................156
6.9 PCOSystems ............................................156
6.10 ControlsandIntegralSensors ...............................157
References .....................................................157
7 UVGISystemModeling.........................................159
7.1 Introduction..............................................159
7.2 UVLampModeling.......................................160
7.3 UVReflectivityModeling ..................................163
7.3.1 ModelingSpecularEnclosures ......................163
7.3.2 ModelingDiffuseEnclosures .......................166
7.3.3 CombinedSpecularandDiffusiveReflectivity .........170
7.4 AirMixingEffects ........................................171
7.5 UVSystemOptimization...................................173
References .....................................................175
8 AirstreamDisinfection..........................................177
8.1 Introduction..............................................177
8.2 UVAirDisinfectionPerformance ...........................177
8.3 FiltrationPerformance.....................................185