Ultrastructure of Antoonops, a New, Ant-Mimicking Genus of Afrotropical Oonopidae (Araneae) with Complex Internal Genitalia

2008·30.8 MB·English

by  Wouter Fannes

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024
Number 3614, 30 pp., 81 figures June 16, 2008
Ultrastructure of Antoonops, a New, Ant-Mimicking
Genus of Afrotropical Oonopidae (Araneae) with
Complex Internal Genitalia
WOUTER FANNES1 AND RUDY JOCQUE´2
ABSTRACT
Antoonops, a new genus of the spider family Oonopidae, is described from West Africa. The
genus contains four new species, all known from both sexes: A. corbulo (type species), A.
bouaflensis, A. iita, and A. nebula. All species mimic ants and exhibit a pronounced sexual
dimorphism. Several new ultrastructural features are reported, including putative gland pores
associated with the coxal insertions, specialized cheliceral setae, and peculiarly modified male
endites. The potential of these and other traits as phylogenetically informative characters is
discussed.SEMinvestigationoftheinternalfemalegenitaliaofA.corbulorevealsthepresenceof
two peculiarly shaped sclerites embedded in the walls of the uterus externus and a reproductive
tractwithanapparent flow-through design.
INTRODUCTION oonopid biodiversity. First, many geographi-
cal regions have been very poorly sampled.
The Oonopidae or goblin spiders are These may be exemplified by West Africa
a worldwide family of minute, haplogyne where no more than three species have been
spiders whose greatest diversity occurs in recorded, the most recent report dating back
the tropics and subtropics (Jocque´ and to 1907 (Platnick, 2008). Second, recent
Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006). Several lines of investigationshavedemonstratedthepresence
evidence suggest that the presently recognized of an abundant, varied, and hitherto largely
491 species and 73 genera (Platnick, 2008) unexplored oonopid fauna living in the
represent only a small fraction of actual canopy of certain tropical forests. For exam-
1InvertebrateSection,DepartmentofAfricanZoology,RoyalMuseumforCentralAfrica,Leuvensesteenweg13,B-3080
Tervuren,Belgium([email protected]).
2InvertebrateSection,DepartmentofAfricanZoology,RoyalMuseumforCentralAfrica,Leuvensesteenweg13,B-3080
Tervuren,Belgium([email protected]).
CopyrightEAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory2008 ISSN0003-0082
2 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3614
ple, in a species richness estimation study in a monophyly of the family and identify its
lowland forest in Ghana (W. Fannes, D. De synapomorphies, 2)resolvethemajor lineages
Bakker, K. Loosveldt and R. Jocque´, unpubl. within the Oonopidae, and 3) corroborate or
data), 12 canopy samplings yielded 11 mor- refute the supposed sister-group relationship
phospecies belonging to five genera. Finally, with orsolobids. Unfortunately, inferring a
duetotheirsmallsizeoonopidshaveinthepast reliable phylogeny is presently unfeasible due
notbeenoptimallycollectedandstudiedandas to a conspicuous lack of ultrastructural data:
a result their diversity has probably been only three genera have been more or less
underestimated even in those regions and comprehensively studied by SEM (Platnick
habitatsthatwererelativelyintenselysampled. and Brescovit, 1995; Ho¨fer and Brescovit,
Renewedresearchefforts,specificallytargeting 1996; Ott and Brescovit, 2004).
the Oonopidae, could potentially lead to a The internal anatomy, biology, and behav-
tremendousincreaseinthenumberofnominal ior of oonopids are similarly poorly known,
species, as hinted at by recent studies of the available data being scarce, scattered, and
Saaristo (2001, 2002), who documented 20 often anecdotal. A noted exception is the
genera from the Seychelles where only nine recent work of Burger and coworkers (Burger
werepreviouslyknowntooccur(Benoit,1979). et al., 2003, 2006; Burger, 2007) who studied
The Oonopidae have been taxonomically the functional morphology of the female
and phylogenetically understudied despite reproductive system in considerable detail.
their considerable morphological diversity Here we report four new, ant-mimicking
(Saaristo, 2001). Simon established the family species from West Africa whose assignment to
in 1890 and later classified the then-known aseparategenusisproposedasaworkinghypo-
genera according to their degree of body thesis, to be tested by future cladistic analyses.
sclerotization, dividing them into two infor- The potential use of several traits as phyloge-
mal subgroups, the ‘‘Oonopidae loricati’’ and neticallyinformativecharactersisdiscussed.In
‘‘Oonopidaemolles’’(Simon,1890,1893).The addition,theinternalmorphologyofthefemale
monophyly of these groups is, however, genitalsystemisinvestigatedbySEM.
doubtful (Platnick, in litt.) and no other
formal or informal classifications have been
MATERIALS AND METHODS
proposed, leaving the Oonopidae in a state of
taxonomicchaos.Furthermore,theevolution- All measurements are in millimeters (preci-
ary relationships within the family were never sion 5 0.01 mm) and are taken from the
examined using a cladistic approach. On a holotype (male) and allotype (female), unless
higher level, phylogenetic analysis of a large explicitly noted otherwise. Total length is the
morphological data set (Platnick et al., 1991) sum of carapace length and dorsal scutum
suggested that the Oonopidae belong to the length. Measurements of legs are listed as:
superfamily Dysderoidea and are the sister total length (femur + patella + tibia +
groupoftheOrsolobidae.ExpandingPlatnick metatarsus + tarsus). Eye diameters and
et al.’s matrix by adding several characters distances between eyes were recorded from a
dealing mainly with respiratory system anat- frontal point of view. Most photographs were
omy confirmed this result (Ram´ırez, 2000). produced by taking several digital images at
However, since these studies addressed the varyingplanes of focus witha Toshiba 3CCD
interrelationships between all families of cameramountedonaLeicaMZ125dissecting
haplogyne spiders the number of terminals microscope and then integrating these images
included per family was necessarily limited with Syncroscopy’s Automontage software,
(oonopids and orsolobids being represented or by using a Leica MZ16A dissecting
by a single species each), making the analyses microscope, a DFC500 camera, and Leica
potentially highly susceptible to taxon-sam- Application Suite software. For SEM photos,
plingeffects.Athoroughcladisticstudyofthe specimenswerecleanedultrasonically,driedin
Oonopidae, encompassing a wide selection of HMDS, gold coated, and examined and
both ingroup and outgroup taxa, is therefore photographedwithaJEOL6480LVscanning
urgently needed to 1) rigorously test the electron microscope. The internal anatomy
2008 FANNES AND JOCQUE´: ANTOONOPS, A NEWGENUS OFOONOPIDAE 3
was investigated by excising the ventral scuta ETYMOLOGY: The masculine generic name
andtreatingthemforseveralhourswithKOH refers to the antlike appearance of these
or pancreatin. The remaining tissue was oonopids.
removedusingfineneedlesandthescutawere DIAGNOSIS: Both males and females of
then processed for SEM. Antoonops can be easily distinguished from
Pairs of specimens of A. corbulo have been allotheroonopidsbytheshapeofthedorsum.
deposited in the American Museum of WiththeexceptionofA.nebula,allspeciesare
Natural History (New York), the California alsouniqueamongtheOonopidaeinhavinga
Academy of Sciences (San Francisco), the white transverse band on a relatively darkly
Western Australian Museum (Perth), the colored dorsal scutum. The specific modifica-
Queensland Museum (Brisbane), and the tions of the male endites also separate
Instituto Butantan (Sa˜o Paulo). Antoonopsfromotherknownoonopidgenera.
TERMINOLOGY: We use the term carapace DESCRIPTION: Ant-mimickingoonopidswith
to denote the dorsal part of the prosoma. well-developed abdominal scuta. Moderate
Following Saaristo (2001) and Saaristo and size (carapace length 5 0.75–0.93, total length
van Harten (2006) the two ventral scuta of 5 1.63–1.97). Sexual dimorphism pronounced,
females are simply called anterior ventral includingmajordifferencesinbothcarapaceand
scutum and posterior ventral scutum, or abdomen shape and in the morphology of the
anterior and posterior scutum for short. mouthparts.
Many oonopids, including Antoonops, also Carapace: Shape sexually dimorphic: in
have a semicircular scutum surrounding the females rather low and flat (fig. 13), in males
ventral and lateral sides of the spinnerets. We higher and convex, more or less dome-shaped
agree with Saaristo (2001) that Simon’s name (figs. 15,17);inbothsexesmarkedlynarrowed
for this structure, ‘‘inframammillary scutum’’,
anteriorly (fig. 4). Carapace margin a dark
is cumbersome and introduce the term ‘‘spin-
red, sclerotized ridge; curls upward posterior-
neret scutum’’ instead. We refrain from
ly,formingU-shapedchanneltermedsluiceby
adopting Saaristo’s proposed replacement
Saaristo and van Harten (2006); immediately
names, ‘‘anal scutum’’ (Saaristo, 2001) and
dorsal to outer ridge a horizontal row of very
‘‘posterior ring’’ (Saaristo and van Harten,
short hairs with modified base (figs. 21, 23),
2006) because a true anal scutum, clearly
usually appearing as dark points under
separated from the spinneret scutum and
dissecting microscope. Outer ridge in males
surrounding the dorsal and lateral sides of
with downward-pointing, roughly triangular
theanaltubercle,wasfoundinAntoonops(see
extension above posterior part of endites;
systematics section).
pedipalps attached to endites immediately
ABBREVIATIONS: ALE 5 anterior lateral anteriorly to this prominent extension (fig.
eyes, ALS 5 anterior lateral spinnerets, CH
19). Microsculpture (figs. 22, 23) present in
5carapaceheight,CL5carapacelength,CW
both sexes, either covering entire carapace or
5 carapace width, DSL 5 dorsal scutum
only part of it. No lateral or dorsoventral
length,DSW5dorsal scutumwidth,MNHN
constriction of prosoma discernible.
5 Muse´e Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle,
Eyes: Six small eyes, all clearly separated
Paris, MRAC 5 Muse´e Royal de l’Afrique
fromeachotherandarrangedincharacteristic
Centrale, Tervuren, PLE 5 posterior lateral
pattern with procurved posterior row (fig. 5).
eyes,PLS5posteriorlateralspinnerets,PME
ALE elliptical (height 0.03, width 0.04),
5 posterior median eyes, PMS 5 posterior
distance ALE-ALE 0.08–0.10. PME almost
median spinnerets, SEM 5 scanning electron
perfectlyround,diameter0.03;PLEappearing
microscopy, TL 5 total length.
slightlykidney-shapedfromfrontalviewpoint.
Distance PLE-PME 0.03–0.04, distance PLE-
SYSTEMATICS ALE0.01;PMEseparatedfromeachotherby
Antoonops, new genus less than half their diameter.
Chelicerae: Without lamina. One small
TYPE SPECIES: Antoonops corbulo, new cheliceral tooth on promargin (examined: A.
species. corbulo,A.nebula)(fig. 24,fig.26).Chelicerae
4 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3614
Figs.1–5. 1.Habitusofmale(A)andfemale(B)Antoonopscorbulo,n.sp.2.MaleAntoonopsbouaflensis,
n.sp.3.MaleAntoonopsiita,n.sp.4.Dorsalviewofmale(A)andfemale(B)Antoonopscorbulo,n.sp.5.
Frontalviewofmale(A)andfemale(B)Antoonopscorbulo,n.sp.andmaleAntoonopsiita,n.sp.(C).Arrow:
elevation of ventral scutum. Arrowhead: longitudinalgrooves.Scale bars: 0.50mm.
2008 FANNES AND JOCQUE´: ANTOONOPS, A NEWGENUS OFOONOPIDAE 5
Fig. 6. Antoonopsnebula, n. sp. (A)Male. (B)Female. Scale bar:0.45 mm.
slightly constricted proximally. Promargin rior surface of ‘‘grooved’’ process, distally
flanked by double row of modified hairs givingrisetothreethick,curvedsetaedirected
running toward fang base. Inner row consist- medially or posteromedially (figs. 33–36).
ing of four hairs (denoted i1–i4 with i1 most Inner margin of each endite forming hollow
distal one; figs. 29, 31); hairs not immediately hookpointingbackward(figs. 33–36).Several
projecting upward but instead reclining, their hairs and short spines present on endites. A
most proximal part almost or actually touch- small, clear, round spot on each endite; using
ing cheliceral surface (figs. 29, 31); hair shafts SEM a medially running band of ridged
with two rows of small cuticular teeth cuticle visible in this area; in some individuals
(fig. 31). Outer row consisting of four flat- also an irregular opening (examined: A.
tened, peculiarly shaped hairs (denoted o1–o4 corbulo, A. nebula) (figs. 37, 38). Labium
witho1mostdistalone);o1–o4flankingi1–i4, muchwider thanlong;medianpartprojecting
respectively(figs. 29,31).Long-stalked, medi- forward; fused to sternum (fig. 40). Female
ally directed plumose hair (anterior plumose mouthparts unsclerotized, not modified.
hair, aph; fig. 29) originating between o1 and Endites longer than wide, converging, frontal
fang base. Two rather short hairs, often tips almost touching. Serrula with single row
appearing somewhat flattened and blunt- of teeth. Labium wider than long, anterior
ended,situatedondistalmostanteriorsurface, margin concave (fig. 41).
closetofangbase(shorthairs,sh;figs. 28,29). Sternum: Longer than wide, provided with
Proximaltodoublerowamodifiedhair(mh1) round pits carrying hairs. Well-discernible
flanked by spiniform hair (sph), their bases radial furrows. Males with ridged structure
usuallytouchingeachother(fig. 27).Proximal (fig. 37) situated just in front of each antero-
to these a single modified hair (mh2; fig. 27). lateral corner of sternum; structure connected
Inner surface of each chelicera giving rise to posteriorly to pleura (fig. 37), sclerotized,
long,benthair(fig. 27)originatingproximally appearing as small, dark red to black,
from mh2. Fang base flanked posteriorly by anterolaterally projecting triangle under dis-
three hairs, innermost one plumose (posterior secting microscope.
plumose hair, pph; fig. 28). Posterior surface Legs: Spineless, with club-shaped femora.
with vertical row of five long, medially Leg formula 4123. Base color white except
projecting hairs and group of usually three metatarsus and tarsus pale brown-yellow;
spines located close to outer margin of parts of some segments dark brown (A.
posterior surface (fig. 30). corbulo, A. bouaflensis, A. iita) or dark green
Mouthparts: Sexually dimorphic. Male (A. nebula), giving legs banded appearance
mouthparts heavily sclerotized, dark red to (fig. 9); pattern largely similar in all species,
black. Endites large, strongly modified withonlyminorinterspecificdifferences.Each
(figs. 32–36)Twoventrallyprojectingprocess- leg with four dorsal trichobothria: one on
es originating near inner margin of each proximal tibia, two on distal tibia, one on
endite; anterior one largest, its distal surface distal metatarsus. Bothrium with proximal
striking, appearing grooved; posterior one hood that passes down sides of tricheme
anteroposteriorly flattened, contacting poste- aperture, not encircling it; hood completely
6 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3614
covered by numerous low, closely spaced Respiratorysystem:Operculalarge.Aband
ridges; articulating membrane also ridged of closely ridged cuticle arising from outer
(fig. 46). No variation in bothrium structure margin of each lung slit and spiracle and
among legs or among positions on a given leg running toward lateral edge of ventral scuta
discernable. Tarsal organ similar on all legs, (fig. 51). Males with very small opening on
exposed: receptor region sunken, forming either side of sperm pore, close to spiracle
shallow, round to oval depression flanked by (fig. 49); opening often slitlike (fig. 50).
low rim only slightly elevated above tarsal Glands: Numerous small, more or less oval
surface. Internal border presenting three or glands with low rim and minute central
more thin, low ridges. Receptor region con- opening on legs and abdominal scuta (includ-
sisting of group of usually three projected ing petiolar tube); also some on carapace.
receptor lobes (fig. 47). Distalmost, toward Coxal gland opening a slit in basal part of
onychiumslopingpartoftarsusprovidedwith coxa (fig. 39). A shallow groove where coxal
centrally located proprioreceptor hair. Two insertions II, III, and IV meet the sternum
tarsal claws on prominent onychium bearing (fig. 42); anteriormost part of each of these
many setae, some spatulated. Biseriate claws infracoxal grooves scattered with very small
withouterrowofaboutfourtofivelargeteeth openings (figs. 42, 44). Anteriormost part
(fig. 45A) and inner row situated distally sometimes forming deep, tube-shaped invagi-
along claw rim, close to claw tip; inner row nation. Coxal insertions I, II, and III each
consisting of series of small teeth, regularly with two clusters of small openings situated
spaced at very short distances from each justoutsideoftheiroutermargin(figs. 42,43);
other. Most proximal inner teeth small, number of openings per cluster varying from
becoming gradually larger distally (fig. 45B). two to five or even more. No clusters found
Striated microsculpture of leg surface leaving associated with coxal insertion IV but may be
opensmall,smooth,moreorlessovalpatches; concealed by folds.
patches often forming a row. Spinnerets: Small, sclerotized colulus sport-
Abdomen: Wider in females than in males ing two hairs (fig. 57). ALS similar in both
(figs. 4, 8). Dorsal scutum large, covering sexes, two-segmented, sclerotized, with one
entire dorsal surface of abdomen in both supposed major ampullate gland spigot and
sexes. Shape of dorsal abdomen distinctly three piriform gland spigots, the anterior one
sexually dimorphic. Male abdomen with clearly separated from two posterior ones
prominent dorsal constriction medially; dor- (fig. 54). PMS single-segmented; in females
sal scutum consequently with three parts: more or less triangular in cross section, with
elevated, almost semispherical anterior part, four spigots: one (possibly minor ampullate
depressed middle part and elevated, more or gland) spigot located anterior to row of three
less elongated posterior part (figs. 16, 18). aciniform gland spigots, the outer one sepa-
Female abdomen with posterior dorsal part rated from two inner ones (fig. 55); in males
raised; dorsal scutum consequently with flat digitiform, with only one, presumably minor
anterior part and elevated posterior part (fig. ampullate gland spigot (fig. 58). PLS two-
14). Ventral scutum of males long, almost segmented, sclerotized; in females as in fig-
reaching spinneret scutum (figs. 1A, 2, 3, ure 56, with six aciniform gland spigots; in
6A); a rather short lateral apodeme visible males as in figure 59, with three aciniform
through integument on either side of sperm gland spigots. Spinnerets ventrally and later-
pore (fig. 12). Posterior ventral scutum of ally enclosed by prominent semicircular spin-
females triangular (fig. 10); posterior edge neret scutum. Dorsal and lateral sides of anal
never reaching much further than halfway tubercle surrounded by narrow, sclerotized
along abdomen, leaving posterior part of anal scutum that is clearly separated from
ventral abdomen uncovered (figs. 1B, 6B); spinneret scutum (fig. 48). Both scuta bearing
anterior edge elevated (fig. 63). A lateral several setae.
apodeme on either side of copulatory orifice Female genitalia: Copulatory orifice situat-
(figs. 10, 11). No lateral constriction of either ed behind elevated anterior edge of posterior
male or female abdomen discernible. ventral scutum in depression (figs. 10, 60–63);
2008 FANNES AND JOCQUE´: ANTOONOPS, A NEWGENUS OFOONOPIDAE 7
ranging from narrow vertical slit (A. iita; data as holotype (MRAC 204.558). Paratype:
fig. 62) to rather large oval opening from same collection data as holotype except date
-
which a short, very narrow groove extends Jan. 29, 1995 (MRAC 204.571), 1 .
anteriorly(A.corbulo;fig. 60).Groupofsetae ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun
on either side of copulatory orifice; many in apposition to the genus name and refers to
directed medially (fig. 63). Transverse struc- the Roman general Corbulo (ca. A.D. 7–67),
ture looking like small stick with both ends who served under the emperors Claudius and
slightly curved sometimes visible through Nero.
posterior part of anterior ventral scutum DIAGNOSIS: Most similar to A. bouaflensis
(fig. 11). Pedipalp without claw; tibia with and A. iita, distinguished from both by the
three trichobothria (structure as on legs). distinctelevationofthemaleventralscutumat
Palpal tarsal organ present; structure as on the level of the sperm pore and spiracles
legs. (fig. 1A) and by the shape of the copulatory
Male genitalia: Pedipalps as in figure 64. opening (figs. 10A, 60); from the second also
Palpal femur enlarged. Tibia with three by the shape of the male carapace (fig. 1A).
trichobothria; structure as on legs. Cymbium MALE: TL 1.78, CL 0.87, CW 0.62, CH
withmediantarsalorgan(structureasonlegs) 0.39, DSL 0.91, DSW 0.44. Habitus as in
and tuft of setae distally; fused with bulbous figures 1A and 7A. Carapace high, dome-
but borderline still clearly visible distally shaped, descending steeply posteriorly, dark
(fig. 64). Bulbous with small indentation on brown to almost black, shiny; microsculpture
ventral surface and distal embolus and con- limited to lower part (figs. 15, 19). Eye group
ductor (figs. 64, 65). Embolus tubular but tip width 0.22, distance ALE-ALE 0.10. Clypeus
flattened, opening to outside via broad slit height0.11.Shapeofcheliceraeasinfigure 25,
(figs. 65, 66); tip with complex ultrastructure with slightly concave inner surface; fang tip
usuallyincludingverysmalldenticles(fig. 67). resting on posterior surface. Boundary be-
Considerable intraspecific variation in tip tween inner and posterior surface distinct,
shape. Tip often bent at almost 90u angle, giving way distally to group of very small
sometimes forming hoodlike structure (fig. teethlike structures (fig. 26). Outermost hair
68). Small projection near embolar tip (near on posterior flank of fang base long and
tip projection, ntp; figs. 65, 68). Prolateral curved inward (fig. 28). Endital hooks as in
surface of embolus often with long groove or figures 34 and 35, slender and protruding
ridge. Conductor slender, usually broader at distinctly above anterior, ‘‘grooved’’ process.
base; length variable, apparently even within Sternumorange-yellow.LegI1.53(0.46+0.22
species; situated approximately prolaterally of +0.35+0.32+0.18),legII1.52(0.46+0.18+
embolus (fig. 65). Sperm pore as in figure 69, 0.35 + 0.34 + 0.19), leg III 1.25 (0.40 + 0.16 +
with row of setae anterior to it. 0.25 + 0.26 + 0.18), leg IV 2.02 (0.61 + 0.26 +
NOTE: The MRAC collections from Ivory 0.46 + 0.46 + 0.23). Following areas on legs
Coast contain at least one additional species darkbrown:legI:largedarkspotonproximal
of Antoonops that is not described due to the prolateral femur, small spot on ventral distal-
poor preservation of the specimens. most part of femur; ventral patella and tibia
slightly dark; leg II: as leg I, but spot on
prolateral femur less pronounced or absent;
Antoonops corbulo, new species
legIII:ventralfemur,patellaandtibiaslightly
Figures 1, 4, 5A, B, 7A, B, 8A, B, 9, 10A, 11, dark; leg IV: pro- and retrolateral femur
13–16, 19, 21–26, 28–35, 38–41, 43, 45–47, except proximal third; distalmost part of
49–53, 57–60, 64, 69–80, 81B dorsal patella; pro- and retrolateral tibia
except distalmost quarter. Dorsal scutum
TYPES: Male holotype: Ivory Coast, Ap- rather shiny, with anterior, middle, and
pouesso, Foreˆt classe´e de la Bossematie´,6u359 posterior parts sharply delineated (fig. 16); a
North 3u289 West, forest, pitfall, Feb. 26, fewrathershort,shallow,longitudinalgrooves
1995, R. Jocque´ and K. Tanoh (MRAC nearmarginofscutum(fig. 4A).Anteriorand
204.544). Female allotype: same collection middle parts brown, separated from darker
8 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3614
posteriorpartbyconspicuoustransversewhite extends anteriorly (fig. 60). Book lungs and
band; band usually less clearly delineated tracheae similar to male.
medially; posterior part usually dark brown VARIATION: Measurements in five other
to almost black laterally, much lighter medi- males: TL 1.74–1.84 (mean 5 1.79), CL 0.85–
ally; in most specimens two narrow, parallel 0.89 (mean 5 0.88), CW 0.60–0.63 (mean 5
white lines across entire length of middle part 0.61),CH0.36–0.41(mean50.38),DSL0.89–
(figs. 1A, 8A). Ventral scutum orange-yellow, 0.95 (mean 5 0.91), DSW 0.41–0.45 (mean 5
distinctly elevated at level of sperm pore and 0.43),tibiaI0.36–0.38(mean50.37),tibiaIV
spiracles (fig. 1A); opercula usually dark 0.47–0.50(mean50.48).Measurementsinfive
orange to red. Pedipalps brown. Book lungs otherfemales:TL1.63–1.75(mean51.69),CL
with very few lamellae (three to apparently 0.76–0.80(mean50.78),CW0.50–0.51(mean
only one) (fig. 52). From each spiracle stout 5 0.51), CH 0.23–0.26 (mean 5 0.25), DSL
trachealtrunkleadingforwardtowardpetiole. 0.87–0.95 (mean 5 0.91), DSW 0.51–0.56
Narrower trachea arising from base of each (mean 5 0.54), tibia I 0.30–0.34 (mean 5
main trunk; runs backward for short distance 0.32),tibiaIV0.41–0.43(mean50.42).
before splitting up in tracheoles (fig. 53). No OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Ivory Coast:
evidence for transverse duct connecting main Appouesso, Foreˆt classe´e de la Bossematie´,
trunks. 6u359 North 3u289 West, forest, pitfall, Dec.
FEMALE: TL 1.72, CL 0.78, CW 0.51, CH 18, 1994 (MRAC 204.545, 204.557, 204.559,
U
0.24, DSL 0.94, DSW 0.56. Habitus as in 204.568), 6 ; Jan. 2, 1995 (MRAC 204.539,
- U
figs. 1Band7B.Carapaceratherlowandflat, 204.564, 204.566, 204.567), 4 , 5 ; Jan. 15,
dark brown, completely covered by micro- 1995 (MRAC 204.543, 204.546, 204.562,
- U
sculpture (fig. 13). Eye group width 0.22, 204.563, 204.577, 204.589), 6 , 2 ; Feb.
distance ALE-ALE 0.09. Clypeus height 12, 1995 (MRAC 204.552, 204.561, 204.569,
- U
0.06.Cheliceraeasinmalebutoutermosthair 204.570), 3 , 1 ; Feb. 26, 1995 (MRAC
- U
onposteriorflankoffangbaseshort.Sternum 204.572, 204.578), 2 , 1 ; Mar. 12, 1995
- U
orange-yellow.LegI1.41(0.43+0.19+0.33+ (MRAC 204.547, 204.574), 1 , 1 ; R.
0.28 + 0.18), leg II 1.41 (0.42 + 0.20 + 0.30 + Jocque´ and K. Tanoh. Same locality, rain
U
0.30 + 0.19), leg III 1.15 (0.35 + 0.16 +0.21 + forest, Jan. 3, 1994 (MRAC 202.220), 1 ;
U
0.24 + 0.19), leg IV 1.84 (0.52 + 0.26 + 0.42 + Jan. 31, 1994 (MRAC 202.209), 2 ; Feb. 16,
U
0.42 + 0.22). Following areas on legs dark 1994 (MRAC 202.231, 202.232), 3 ; Aug. 5,
U
brown:legI:asinmaleexceptentireproximal 1994 (MRAC 202.230), 1 ; Aug. 18, 1994
-
third of prolateral femur dark, not limited to (MRAC 202.213), 1 ; Dec. 1, 1994 (MRAC
- U
spot; retrolateral femur similar but less pro- 202.211,202.239),1 ,1 ;R.Jocque´ andN.
nounced; tibia with most proximal and most Se´abe´. Ghana: Kakum forest, 5u209 North
distal part dark, especially ventrally, middle 1u239 West, secondary forest, Winkler extrac-
partwhite;legII:aslegIexcepttibiawhichis tion,Nov. 10,2005, R.Jocque´,D.DeBakker
U
astibiaofmalelegI;legIII:asinmaleexcept and L. Baert (MRAC 217.500), 1 .
pro- and retrolateral femur with dark middle DISTRIBUTION: Known from the type lo-
third;legIV:asinmale(fig. 9).Dorsalscutum cality and from Kakum forest, Ghana.
rather shiny; posterior part distinctly elevated
(fig. 14). Anterior part brown, usually some-
Antoonops bouaflensis, new species
what lighter across middle region; separated
from darker posterior part by conspicuous Figures 2, 10B, 42, 44, 61, 68
transverse white band; band usually less
clearly delineated medially; posterior part TYPES: Male holotype: Ivory Coast,
usually dark brown to almost black laterally, Bouafle´, 6u599 North 5u459 West, pitfalls,
much lighter medially (figs. 1B, 8B). Ventral Feb. 12, 1981, J. Everts (MRAC 219.428).
scuta orange-yellow; opercula dark orange to Female allotype: Ivory Coast, ‘‘Pakodji near
red. Pedipalps brown. Epigastric area as in Degbe´ze´re´, 15 km E. Bouafle´’’, 6u599 North
figure 10A. Copulatory orifice a rather large 5u399 West, pitfalls, Feb. 20, 1984, R.
ovalopeningfromwhichshortnarrowgroove Schouten and J. Buysen (MRAC 219.429).
2008 FANNES AND JOCQUE´: ANTOONOPS, A NEWGENUS OFOONOPIDAE 9
Fig. 7. Automontage images. A–B, Antoonops corbulo, n. sp., (A) male (magnification: 523) and (B)
female(563).C–D, Antoonopsnebula, n. sp.,(C)male (magnification: 483) and(D)female (503).
10 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3614
Fig. 8. Dorsal scuta. Antoonops corbulo, n. sp., (A) male and (B) female. Antoonops nebula, n. sp., (C)
male and(D)female. Whitearrowhead:parallel lines. Scalebar: 0.40 mm.
Paratypes: same collection data as holotype VARIATION: Measurements in three other
-
(MRAC174.111),2 .Paratypes:samecollec- males:TL1.71;1.76;1.79,CL0.83;0.87;0.87,
U
tiondataasallotype(MRAC174.121),4 . CW0.58;0.58;0.59,CH0.31;0.33;0.33,DSL
ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is an ad- 0.88; 0.89; 0.92, DSW 0.42; 0.44; 0.45, tibia I
jective referring to the type locality. 0.31; 0.32; 0.34, tibia IV 0.43; 0.43; 0.44.
DIAGNOSIS: MostsimilartoA.corbuloand Measurements infour other females: TL 1.64;
A. iita, distinguished from both by the shape 1.65;1.69; 1.71, CL0.75; 0.76; 0.76; 0.77,CW
ofthecopulatoryopening(figs. 10B,61);from 0.51;0.51;0.52;0.53,CH0.21;0.21;0.22;0.22,
thefirstbythemaleventralscutumwithoutan DSL 0.89; 0.89; 0.93; 0.94, DSW 0.40; 0.43;
elevation (fig. 2); from the second by the 0.50;0.54,tibiaI0.30;0.30;0.32;0.33,tibiaIV
shape of the male carapace (fig. 2). 0.39; 0.41; 0.42; 0.42.
MALE: TL 1.77, CL 0.86, CW 0.58, CH OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Ivory Coast:
0.35, DSL 0.91, DSW 0.46. Habitus as in Bouafle´,Koudougou,6u569North5u409West,
figure 2.CarapaceandsternumasinA.corbulo ‘‘pie`ges’’, Jan. 1981, J. Everts (MRAC
-
but carapace slightly lower (fig. 2). Eye group 166.264), 1 .
width 0.21, distance ALE-ALE 0.09. Clypeus DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the vi-
height 0.09. Distal chelicerae somewhat an- cinity of Bouafle´, Ivory Coast.
teroposteriorly flattened. Endital hooks not
distinctlyprotrudingabove‘‘grooved’’process. Antoonops iita, new species
LegI1.46(0.44+0.19+0.33+0.30+0.20),leg
II1.4(0.41+0.19+0.31+0.29+0.20),legIII Figures 3, 5C, 10C, 27, 62, 67
1.18 (0.36 + 0.15 + 0.22 + 0.26 + 0.19), leg IV
1.88 (0.55 + 0.25 + 0.45 + 0.40 + 0.23). Dorsal TYPES: Male holotype: Nigeria, Ibadan,
scutum as in A. corbulo. Ventral scutum I.I.T.A, 7u149 North 3u309 East, riverine
orange-yellow, not elevated at level of sperm
poreandspiracles(fig. 2).Pedipalpsbrown.
FEMALE: TL 1.65, CL 0.76, CW 0.51, CH
0.24, DSL 0.89, DSW 0.56. Carapace and
sternum as in A. corbulo. Eye group width
0.20, distance ALE-ALE 0.08. Clypeus height
0.05. Leg I 1.34 (0.43 + 0.19 + 0.31 + 0.25 +
0.16), leg II 1.33 (0.39 + 0.19 + 0.29 + 0.30 +
0.16), leg III 1.12 (0.33 + 0.15 + 0.22 + 0.25 +
0.17), leg IV 1.73 (0.52 + 0.24 + 0.41 + 0.37 +
0.19). Abdominal scuta as in A. corbulo.
Pedipalps brown. Epigastric area and copula- Fig.9. Antoonopscorbulo,n.sp.LegIV,female,
tory orifice as in figs. 10B and 61. prolateral view.Scalebar: 0.40 mm.