Ultrasound Interactions in Biology and Medicine PDF
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Ultrasound Interactions in Biology and Medicine Ultrasound Interactions in Biology and Medicine Edited by R. Millner, E. Rosenfeld, and U. Cobet Institute of Applied Biophysics Martin Luther University School of Medicine, Halle, German Democratic Republic Plenum Press • New York and London Ubrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Ultrasound interactions in biology and medicine. Includes bibliographical references and index. "Proceedings of an International Symposium on Ultrasound Interaction in BiOlogy and Medicine, held November 10-14, 1980, in Reinhardsbrunn, German Democratic Republic"-T.p. verso. 1. Ultrasonic waves-Physiological effect-Congresses. 2. Diagnosis, Ultrasonic -Congresses. 3. Ultrasonics in biology-Congresses. I. Millner, Rudolf. II. Rosenfeld, E. III. Cobet, U. IV. International Symposium on Ultrasound Interaction in Biology and Medicine (1980; Reinhardsbrunn, Germany) [DNlM: 1. Ultrasonics Congresses. QC 244 161 u 1980] QP82.2.U37U481983 616.07'543 83·9551 ISBN 978-1-4684-8386-4 ISBN 978-1-4684-8384-0 (eBook) 00110.1007/978-1-4684-8384-0 Proceedings of an International Symposium on Ultrasound Interaction in Biology and Medicine, held November 10-14, 1980, In Reinhardsbrunn, German Democratic Republic © 1983 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in MY form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Prof. Dr. R. Millner, Halle, GDR (Chairman) Prof. Dr. L. Filipczynski, Warsaw, Poland Prof. Dr. H. Hertz, Lund, Sweden Doc. Dr. A.P. Sarvazyan, Pus chino , USSR Dr. C.R. Hill, Sutton, U.K. Prof. Dr. J. Hrazdira, Brno, Czechoslovakia Dr. N. Leitgeb, Graz, Austria ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: Dr. M. Koch, Berlin, GDR (Chairman) A. Kollath, Berlin, GDR Dr. E. Rosenfeld, Halle, GDR Dr. U. Cobet, Halle, GDR Dipl-Phys. A. Klemenz, Halle, GDR Dipl-Phys. P. Schmidt, Halle, GDR v PREFACE Due to the ever increasing interest in the use of non-invasive ultrasonic methods in medical diagnostics on the one hand and the specific effects of ultrasound in medical therapy on the other, the questions of safety and optimal applications are topical and of great importance. For this reason the symposium "Ultrasound Interaction in Biology and Medicine," initiated and supported by the "International Organization of Medical Physics," took place. The organizers were the Institute of Applied Biophysics of the Martin-Luther-University, Halle (Saale), German Democratic Republic, in association with the Society for Physical and Mathematical Biology of the GDR along with other scientific organizations. Renowned and internationally noted specialists in the field of ultrasonics reported on the latest findings regarding the biological interaction of ultrasound, which promised future improvements in the methods of ultrasonic diagnostics and gave and up-to-date insight into the biological effectiveness of ultrasound. We are pleased to be able to publish selected contributions to this symposium collected in one volume. The methods of investigation, theoretical considerations and results concerning the interaction of ultrasound on molecular, cellular and system levels contained herein will remain up-to-date for a long time to come, providing thought provoking material for further inter-disciplinary basic research and medical application. Rudo If Mi llner Chairman vii CONTENTS Welcome Address • . • xiii Ultrasonic Properties of Biological ~ledia 1 F. Dunn Transducers and Soundfields 7 L. Filipczynski Measurement of Ultrasonic Power with the Radiation Force and Thermobalance Method . . . . . . . . 19 F. Holze and P. Wach Transmitter Characteristics of Ultrasound Broad-band Transducers for Ultrasonic Spectroscopy • . . . . . . . . 27 N. Leitgeb and K-P. Richter Numerical Calculation of Nearfield Pressure 'Variations of Different Annular Ring Transducers •... .•.... 39 B. Gassmann, K-P. Richter and R. Millner Model for the Calculation of Sensitivity of Ultrasonic Doppler Transducers . • . . 47 U. Cobet and H.J. Hunch Review of the Physical Bases for Biological Tissue Characterization by Ultrasound . . . . . . . . 53 M. Hussey. A. Moore and J. Callis Ultrasound Tissue Characterization using Statistical Analysis of the R.F. Echo Pulses • . . .. . ..•..... 61 A. Moore. J. Callis and M. Hussey Modelling of Ultrasonic Backscattering from Discrete Random Scatterers . . . . . . 69 1. Koch ix x CONTENTS Tissue Characterization of Normal and Dystrophic Muscle using Broad-Band Backscattered R.F. Data ••••• 77 E.B. Cady and J.E. Gardener Some Results on Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 85 J.M. Thijssen, A.L. Bayer and M. C100stermans Tissue Characterization by Ultrasonic Pulse Spectroscopy • • • • •• • • • • • 95 K-P. Richter, H. Heynemann and R. Millner Study of Ultrasonic Topography of the Kidney 99 A.P. Sarvazyan and V.A. K1emin Computer-Aided Tissue Characterization of the Human Eye • • • • . 105 D. Decker, K.M. Irion and U. Faust Soft Tissue Simulation in Ultrasonic Diagnosis using Cross-linked Hydrophobic Gels 115 P. Schuwert Ultrasonic Backscattering by Blood 119 U. Cobet and A. K1emenz Ultrasonic Backscattering in Blood - Basis for Doppler Techniques 125 H. Grossmann and A. Klemenz Physical Mechanisms for Biological Effects of Ultrasound at Low-Intensity Levels . • . 131 W.L. Nyborg and D.L. Miller Cavitation Thresholds in Biological Tissues • • • • • • .• 139 V• B. Akopyan Morphological and Functional Study of the Ultrasonic Effects of the Goldfish Mauthner Cell • • • • . • • • 145 T.N. Pashovkin, P.V. Mashkin, D.A. Moshkov and A.P. Sarvazyan Effects of Ultrasound on Wound Contraction 151 M. Dyson and D.S. Smalley The Influence of Ultrasound on Matrix-Bound Enzymes . • . •• .••.•• 159 P. Schmidt, E. Rosenfeld and J. Fischer CONTENTS xi Electrokinetic Properties of Isolated Cells Exposed to Low Levels of Ultrasound • • • • • • • •. 167 I. Hrazdira and J. Adler Interactions of Ultrasound with Platelets and the Blood Coagulation System • • • • 171 A.R. Williams Haemolysis of Red Blood Cells In Vitro and In Vivo by Ultrasound at 0.75 MHz and at Therapeutic Intensity Levels • • • • • • 179 Y.S. Wong and D.J. Watmough ESR-Spectroscopic Examinations of U1trasonicated Blood . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 185 R. GlBckner and B. Milsch Nonlinear Propagation of Ultrasound in Liquid Media • • • • • • 191 F. Dunn, W.K. Law and L.A. Frizzell Propagation of Ultrasound in Solutions of Biological Substances ••• . . • • 195 A.P. Sarvazyan Advanced Methods for Measuring Shear Wave Velocity in Biological Substances • • • • • • • • • • • 203 S. Sajauskas and L. Juozoniene An Ultrasonic Movement Detector for Test Animals: Registration Method and Effects of Airborne Ultrasound on Animal Behavior • • • • • 207 E. Rosenfeld, W.D. Grosse, S. Berndt and J. Schuh INDEX •• 215 WELCOME ADDRESS The International Organization for Medical Physics was started to improve international communication between physical scientists throughout the world, who use their "know-how" to improve health care and medical techniques. So far, it has called six major international conferences, during which the worldwide gathering of delegates has discussed and learned of work covering the whole field of medical physics. The Council decided recently that, in addition, it wished to sponsor smaller, more specialized symposia devoted to one carefully selected topic. This meeting is the first one to be sponsored by IOMP in accordance with this policy. IO~ hopes that this gathering together at Reinhardsbrunn of highly qualified researchers to discuss "Ultrasound Interaction in Biology and Medicine" will prove to be of unique significance in the development of this subject, and hopes that the interchange of information will give a forward boost to your knowledge which may, in turn, help the sick wherever they are. IOMP congratulates all those who have initiated this meeting, all those who have made the excellent preparations, and wishes it every success. Prof. Dr. I.R. Mallard President of the International Organization of Medical Physics xiii ULTRASONIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL MEDIA F. Dunn Bioacoustics Research Laboratory University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA INTRODUCTION This paper comprises a brief review of the ultrasonic propagation properties of biological media, with particular attention to those properties that are considered to influence, or to be otherwise useful in, the obtaining of significant diagnostic ultrasound information and those properties important in producing and assessing biological effects. The properties are discussed according to categories which emerge readily from the reported literature(1,2). Generalizations are then employed to characterize tissues from these categorical suggestions. SPEED OF SOUND Data regarding the speed of sound comes largely from measurements of freshly excised tissues(1,2). An appreciable range appears in the reported values which is believed to result from different measuring methods being employed, from different methods of specimen preparation, and from different examples of specimens being chosen. The range of the data extends from approximately 5% for brain and muscle, to approximately 9% for fat. Nevertheless, the data show that an ordering of tissue specimens in terms of increasing speed of sound is also an ordering for increasing structural protein content, but for decreasing water content.
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