Ultrasonics: Physics and Applications

310 Pages·2022·81.894 MB·English

by  Mami Matsukawa, Pak-Kon Choi, Kentaro Nakamura, Hirotsugu Ogi, Hideyuki Hasegawa

Ultrasonics
Physics and applications
Online at: https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-4936-9

Ultrasonics
Physics and applications
Edited by
Mami Matsukawa
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
Pak-Kon Choi
Department of Physics, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
Kentaro Nakamura
Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku,
Yokohama, Japan
Hirotsugu Ogi
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Hideyuki Hasegawa
Faculty of Engineering, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
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Contents
Preface x
Preface from the Institute for Ultrasonic Electronics xi
Editor biographies xii
Contributor biographies xiv
Part I Basic physics and measurements
1 Ultrasound propagation 1-1
Pak-Kon Choi
1.1 Ultrasound propagation in gases and liquids 1-1
1.1.1 Frequency of ultrasound 1-2
1.1.2 Adiabaticity of sound propagation 1-2
1.1.3 Wave equation 1-3
1.1.4 Sound velocity 1-5
1.1.5 Plane waves 1-7
1.2 Ultrasound propagation in solids 1-8
1.2.1 Elastic properties of solids 1-8
1.2.2 Wave equation in solids 1-10
1.3 Absorption and velocity dispersion in fluids 1-12
1.3.1 Ultrasound absorption 1-12
1.3.2 The relaxation phenomenon 1-14
1.3.3 Molecular vibrational relaxation 1-16
1.3.4 Examples of the relaxation phenomenon in fluids 1-18
1.4 Sound radiation 1-22
1.4.1 Sound field produced by a circular piston source 1-23
1.4.2 Simulation of a sound field 1-26
1.5 Measurement of ultrasound fields by optical methods 1-28
1.5.1 Schlieren method 1-28
1.5.2 Photoelasticity imaging method 1-29
1.5.3 Shadowgraphy method 1-31
1.5.4 Luminescence due to acoustic cavitation 1-31
References 1-32
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Ultrasonics
2 Wave propagation in/on liquids and spectroscopy of 2-1
viscoelasticity and surface tension
Keiji Sakai
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.1.1 Viscoelastic properties of, and wave propagation in liquids 2-1
2.1.2 Dynamics of liquid surface properties 2-6
2.2 Recent progress in the light-scattering approach to viscoelasticity 2-7
2.2.1 Accurate Brillouin scattering experiment based on an optical 2-7
heterodyne technique
2.2.2 Thermal phonon resonance 2-9
2.2.3 Determination of shear, orientational, and coupling viscosities 2-11
in liquids
2.3 Recent progress in the experimental approach to the dynamic 2-14
surface phenomena of liquids
2.3.1 Ripplon spectroscopy 2-14
2.3.2 Manipulation and observation of micro liquid particles 2-19
2.4 Introduction to recent progress in rheometry 2-23
2.4.1 The electromagnetic spinning (EMS) rheometer system 2-23
2.4.2 Measurement of viscoelasticity using the EMS system 2-25
equipped with quadruple electromagnets
2.4.3 Examination of the quantum standard for viscosity 2-26
References 2-30
3 Optical measurements of ultrasonic fields in air/water and 3-1
ultrasonic vibration in solids
Kentaro Nakamura
3.1 Measurement of ultrasonic fields in air/water 3-1
3.1.1 Problems arising in ultrasonic field measurement 3-1
3.1.2 Probe sensors using optical fibers 3-2
3.1.3 Imaging of ultrasonic fields using optical methods 3-14
3.1.4 Super directivity in the detection of ultrasonic waves 3-18
3.2 Vibration measurement at ultrasonic frequencies 3-20
3.2.1 Out-of-plane vibration 3-20
3.2.2 In-plane vibration 3-25
3.2.3 Fringe-counting method for high-amplitude vibration 3-26
3.2.4 Sagnac interferometer for very-high-frequency vibration 3-28
3.3 Conclusions and outlook 3-29
References 3-30
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Ultrasonics
4 Picosecond laser ultrasonics 4-1
Osamu Matsuda and Oliver B Wright
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 Basics of picosecond laser ultrasonics 4-2
4.2.1 Overview 4-2
4.2.2 Basic experimental setup 4-4
4.2.3 Interferometric setup 4-5
4.2.4 One-dimensional model 4-8
4.3 Extensions of picosecond laser ultrasonics 4-11
4.3.1 Time-resolved Brillouin-scattering measurements assisted by 4-11
metallic gratings
4.3.2 Generation and detection of shear acoustic waves assisted by 4-19
metallic gratings
4.4 Summary 4-25
References 4-25
Part II Industrial applications
5 Ball surface acoustic wave sensor and its application 5-1
to trace gas analysis
Kazushi Yamanaka, Takamitsu Iwaya and Shingo Akao
5.1 Introduction 5-1
5.2 SAWs on a sphere 5-2
5.3 Principles of the ball SAW sensor 5-5
5.4 Hydrogen gas sensors 5-8
5.5 Trace moisture analyzer 5-12
5.5.1 Ball SAW TMA using phase signal for temperature compensation 5-12
5.5.2 Ball SAW TMA using amplitude signal for various 5-14
background gases
5.6 Micro gas chromatography 5-18
5.6.1 Concept and problems of gas chromatography 5-18
5.6.2 Sensitive film used in the ball SAW gas chromatograph 5-20
5.6.3 Palm-sized ball SAW gas chromatograph as an example 5-21
of micro GC
5.6.4 Analysis of the aroma components of sake — a crystal 5-24
sommelier
5.7 Conclusions 5-26
References 5-26
vii
Ultrasonics
6 Phase adjuster in a thermoacoustic system 6-1
Shin-ichi Sakamoto and Yoshiaki Watanabe
6.1 Introduction 6-1
6.2 Thermoacoustic phenomenon leading to steady oscillation 6-3
6.2.1 Loop-tube-type thermoacoustic cooling system 6-3
6.2.2 Mechanism of thermoacoustic cooling 6-5
6.2.3 Variation of resonant wavelength and cooling capacity 6-6
6.2.4 Resonant frequency before stable self-excited oscillation: 6-8
changes in cooling capacity and resonant wavelength
observed in the boundary layer
6.2.5 Resonant frequency under conditions of stable self-excited 6-11
oscillation: influence of total length of, and pressure
in the tube
6.3 Progression to phase adjuster 6-14
6.4 Beyond the PA 6-19
6.5 Conclusions 6-20
References 6-20
Part III Biological and medical applications
7 Ultrasonic characterization of bone 7-1
Mami Matsukawa
7.1 Why should we study bone using ultrasound? 7-1
7.2 Ultrasonic wave properties in bone tissues 7-3
7.2.1 Conventional ultrasonic characterization in the megahertz range 7-3
7.2.2 Microscopic bone evaluation by Brillouin scattering 7-7
7.2.3 Piezoelectricity in bone in the megahertz range 7-11
7.3 Ultrasonic characterization of cancellous bone 7-17
7.3.1 Two-wave phenomenon and clinical application 7-17
7.4 Conclusions 7-25
References 7-25
8 Acceleration and control of protein aggregation 8-1
Hirotsugu Ogi
8.1 Introduction 8-1
8.2 Mechanism of acceleration of protein aggregation 8-4
8.3 Nonlinear components as indicators for the aggregation reaction 8-13
8.4 Supersaturation: a new concept for protein aggregation phenomenon 8-18
viii
Ultrasonics
8.5 Multichannel ultrasonication system for amyloid assay: HANABI 8-22
8.6 Summary and future prospects 8-25
References 8-26
9 High-frame-rate medical ultrasonic imaging 9-1
Hideyuki Hasegawa
9.1 Introduction 9-1
9.2 High-frame-rate ultrasonic imaging 9-2
9.3 Motion estimators 9-7
9.3.1 Autocorrelation method 9-7
9.3.2 Vector Doppler method 9-8
9.3.3 Block-matching method 9-9
9.3.4 Spectrum-based motion estimator 9-10
9.4 Applications of high-frame-rate ultrasonic imaging 9-13
9.4.1 Strain or strain-rate imaging 9-13
9.4.2 Measurement of propagation of mechanical waves in tissue 9-20
9.4.3 Blood-flow imaging 9-26
References 9-35
10 High-intensity focused ultrasound 10-1
Shin Yoshizawa and Shin-ichiro Umemura
10.1 Introduction 10-1
10.2 HIFU devices 10-3
10.3 Measurement and visualization of HIFU fields 10-5
10.4 Cavitation 10-7
10.5 Ultrasound image guidance 10-9
10.6 Concluding remarks 10-12
References 10-13
ix