Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism: 25 Years After The Discovery Of Coesite And Diamond (Elsevier Insights)

697 Pages·2011·43.07 MB·English

by  Larissa Dobrzhinetskaya

Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
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Ultrahigh-Pressure
Metamorphism
25 Years After the Discovery
of Coesite and Diamond
Editors
Larissa F. Dobrzhinetskaya
Shah Wali Faryad
Simon Wallis
Simon Cuthbert
TaskForceIVInternationalLithosphereProgram
AMSTERDAM(cid:1)BOSTON(cid:1)HEIDELBERG(cid:1)LONDON(cid:1)NEWYORK(cid:1)OXFORD
PARIS(cid:1)SANDIEGO(cid:1)SANFRANCISCO(cid:1)SINGAPORE(cid:1)SYDNEY(cid:1)TOKYO
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Firstedition2011
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Contents
Preface xvii
ListofContributors xix
Reviewers xxv
1 FrontiersofUltrahigh-PressureMetamorphism:
ViewfromFieldandLaboratory 1
LarissaF.DobrzhinetskayaandShahWaliFaryad
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 MainAchievements:25YearsOn 2
1.2.1 “Deciphering”ofNewUHPPhasesorTheir
Pseudomorphosis 2
1.2.2 NewDiscoveriesofUHPTerranes 3
1.3 FurtherDirections 7
1.3.1 FateofContinentalCrustBeyondthe“PointofNoReturn”:
VisionsandPerspectives 7
1.3.2 ExsolutionLamellaeinMineralsfromUHPMTerranes 12
1.3.3 UnusualGeologicalSettingsforUHPMinerals/Rocks 19
1.3.4 AdvancedState-of-the-ArtAnalyticalInstrumentsand
Facilities 22
1.4 LookingForward 26
Part I Diamonds—New Studies 41
2 Diamond(cid:1)Lonsdaleite(cid:1)GraphiteRelationsExaminedby
RamanMappingofCarbonMicroinclusionsinsideZirconat
KumdyKol,Kokchetav,Kazakhstan:Evidenceofthe
MetamictizationofDiamond 43
DavidC.Smith,LarissaF.Dobrzhinetskaya,GastonGodardand
HarryW.Green
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 GeologicalSetting 44
2.3 AnalyticalProcedures 45
2.4 Results 48
2.4.1 Focus-TrackAltitudes 48
2.4.2 FluorescentBaselines 48
2.4.3 TypicalRamanSpectra 50
vi Contents
2.5 Discussion 54
2.5.1 Microinclusions:Altitude,Fluorescence,andTypical
RamanSpectra 54
2.5.2 Zircon:SpatialSituationandCrystallineState 54
2.5.3 Graphite:SpatialSituationandCrystallineState 55
2.5.4 Diamond:SpatialSituationandCrystallineState 58
2.6 Conclusions 69
3 DiamondandOtherPossibleUltradeepEvidenceDiscoveredin
theOrogenicSpinel-GarnetPeridotitefromtheMoldanubian
ZoneoftheBohemianMassif,CzechRepublic 77
KosukeNaemura,DaijoIkuta,HiroyukiKagi,ShokoOdake,
TadamasaUeda,ShugoOhi,TomoyukiKobayashi,MartinSvojtkaand
TakaoHirajima
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 GeologicalSettingsandSomeBackgrounds 78
3.3 PetrographyandMineralChemistry 81
3.4 Experimental 86
3.4.1 RamanSpectraofGraphiticCarbons 86
3.4.2 FourierTransformInfraredSpectroscopyofDiamond 86
3.4.3 SynchrotronMicro-X-RayFluorescenceandX-Ray
AbsorptionNearEdgeStructureAnalysisofDiamond
Inclusions 87
3.4.4 SingleCrystalX-RayDiffractionExperimentofthe
InclusionintheMicrodiamond 87
3.4.5 ElectronBackscatterDiffractionAnalysesof
PyroxeneLamellaeinCr-spinel 89
3.5 VaryingCrystallinityofGraphite 89
3.5.1 RamanSpectraofGraphiticCarbon 89
3.5.2 RamanSpectraofGraphiticCarbonsinthe
PlesˇovicePeridotite 91
3.6 Diamond 93
3.6.1 InfraredAbsorptionSpectraofDiamond 93
3.6.2 AggregationStateofNitrogen 94
3.6.3 SynchrotronMicro-XRFandXANESAnalysisofPlesˇovice
DiamondanditsInclusions 94
3.6.4 SXDExperimentoftheInclusionintheMicrodiamond 97
3.7 CrystalOrientationRelationshipBetweenClinopyroxene
LamellaeandHostChromianSpinel 98
3.8 Discussion 100
3.8.1 OriginofGraphiticCarboninthePlesˇovicePeridotite 100
3.8.2 Diamond—NaturalorContaminant? 103
3.8.3 ExsolutionMicrostructuresinSpinel 104
3.9 Conclusions 105
Contents vii
4 DiamondFormationfromAmorphousCarbonandGraphiteinthe
PresenceofCOHFluids:AnInSituHigh-Pressure and-Temperature
Laser-HeatedDiamondAnvilCellExperimentalStudy 113
JunfengZhang,VitaliPrakapenka,AtsushiKubo,AbbyKavner,
HarryW.GreenandLarissaF.Dobrzhinetskaya
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 MaterialsandMethods 114
4.3 Results 117
4.4 Discussion 120
5 OriginofHigh-PressureDisorderedMetastablePhases(Lonsdaleite
andIncipientlyAmorphizedQuartz)inMetamorphicRocks:
GeodynamicShockorCrystal-ScaleOverpressure? 125
GastonGodard,Maria-LuciFrezzotti,RosariaPalmeriand
DavidC.Smith
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 QuartzIncipientlyAmorphizedUnderPressure 126
5.2.1 PhysicalandCrystallographicalBackground 126
5.2.2 EvidencefromHigh-PressureMetamorphicRocks 128
5.3 Lonsdaleite 132
5.3.1 PhysicalandCrystallographicalBackground 132
5.3.2 EvidencefromHigh-PressureMetamorphicRocks 135
5.4 Discussion 137
5.4.1 Shock 138
5.4.2 Overpressure 139
5.5 Conclusion 140
Part II Minerals Chemistry, Reactions, and
Microstructures in UHPM Rocks 149
6 OriginandMetamorphicEvolutionofGarnetClinopyroxenitefrom
theSuluUHPTerrane,China:EvidencefromMineralChemistry
andMicrostructures 151
RuY.Zhang,JuhnG.Liou,JasonM.Huberty,HuifangXu,KenshiMaki,
Bor-MingJahnandYoshiyukiIizuka
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 GeologicalOutline 153
6.3 SampleDescription 154
6.3.1 Garnet-PoorClinopyroxenite 155
6.3.2 Garnet-RichClinopyroxenite 155
6.4 AnalyticalMethods 158
6.4.1 BulkandMineralCompositions 158
6.4.2 ElectronBackScatterDiffraction 159
6.5 ChemicalCompositionofWholeRock 159
viii Contents
6.6 MineralComposition 159
6.6.1 Garnet 159
6.6.2 ClinopyroxeneandOlivine 161
6.6.3 Oxides 167
6.6.4 Amphibole 167
6.7 MineralLamellaeinClinopyroxeneandEBSDPatterns 167
6.8 Pressure(cid:1)TemperatureConditions 171
6.9 Discussion 175
6.9.1 ProtolithsandOriginoftheHujialingGarnet
Clinopyroxenites 175
6.9.2 OriginofLamellarPhases 177
6.9.3 EvolutionoftheHujialingClinopyroxenite 178
6.10 Conclusions 180
7 TheCorrelationBetweenRamanSpectraandtheMineral
CompositionofMuscoviteandPhengite 187
HuijuanLi,LifeiZhangandAndrewG.Christy
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 ExperimentalMethods 188
7.3 Results 190
7.3.1 PeakAssignment 190
7.3.2 TypeIandTypeIIRamanSpectra 197
7.3.3 PeakShiftwithChangingSiContent 198
7.4 Discussion 201
7.4.1 ComparisonwithRamanSpectrafromthe
RRUFFProject 201
7.4.2 TheInfluenceofOrientationonRamanSpectra 201
7.4.3 TheInfluenceofPolytypicStackingonRamanSpectra 203
7.4.4 TetrahedralPeaks 203
7.4.5 RamanShiftandOctahedralAlContent 204
7.4.6 SpectralVariationDuetoSiContent 204
7.4.7 OH-StretchingPeaks 205
7.5 Application 206
7.6 Conclusions 210
8 IncreasingChlorinityinFluidsAlongtheProgradeMetamorphic
Path:EvidenceofApatitefromYangkouEclogite,Sulu,China 213
JingboLiu,LingminZhang,QianMaoandKaiYe
8.1 Introduction 213
8.2 GeologicalSettingandOutcropDescription 214
8.3 DescriptionsofSamplesandOccurrenceofApatite 215
8.3.1 CoronalMetagabbro 215
8.3.2 CoronalEclogite 216
8.3.3 Coesite-BearingEclogite 217
Contents ix
8.4 CompositionsofApatiteandPhengite 219
8.4.1 Garnet 219
8.4.2 Pyroxene 219
8.4.3 Apatite 228
8.4.4 Phengite 230
8.5 P(cid:1)TConditions 231
8.6 Discussion 235
8.6.1 HighClApatiteinCoesite-BearingEclogites 235
8.6.2 EffectofPressureandTemperatureConditionsonApatite
Compositions 236
8.6.3 InferredMechanismsforIncreasingSalinityinFluids
DuringMetamorphism 237
8.7 Conclusions 239
9 TraceElementandO-IsotopeCompositionofPolyphase
MetamorphicVeinsoftheIledeGroix(ArmoricanMassif,France):
ImplicationforFluidFlowDuringHPSubductionandExhumation
Processes 243
Afife´ElKorh,SusanneTh.Schmidt,TorstenVennemannand
AlexeyUlianov
9.1 Introduction 243
9.2 GeologicalContext 245
9.2.1 StructuralSettingandMetamorphicConditions 245
9.2.2 ClassificationofMetamorphicRocks 247
9.3 AnalyticalTechniques 248
9.3.1 MajorElement Analyses 248
9.3.2 IncompatibleTraceElement Analyses 248
9.3.3 OxygenIsotopesAnalyses 249
9.4 Sampling 249
9.5 PetrologyoftheVeins 253
9.5.1 Garnet(cid:1)PhengiteandGarnet(cid:1)QuartzVeins 253
9.5.2 EpidoteVeins 254
9.5.3 AlbiteVeins 256
9.5.4 QuartzVeins 257
9.6 HostRockComposition 257
9.6.1 MajorElements 257
9.6.2 TraceElements 260
9.7 MineralMajorandTraceElement Chemistry 261
9.7.1 EclogiteHostRocksandGarnet(cid:1)Phengite/
Garnet(cid:1)QuartzVeins 261
9.7.2 EpidoteVeins 263
9.7.3 AlbiteandQuartzVeins 263
9.8 OxygenIsotopeCompositions 271
9.8.1 OxygenIsotopeCompositionofVeins 271
9.8.2 TemperatureofVeinFormation 273