Ultrahigh Performance Concrete Uhpc Fund

201 Pages·2014·5.854 MB·English

by  Ekkehard Fehling, Michael Schmidt, Joost Walraven, Torsten Leutbecher, Susanne Fröhlich

Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is a milestone in concrete tech-
nology and application. It permits the construction of both more slender
and more durable concrete structures with a prolonged service life and
thus improved sustainability.
This book is a comprehensive overview of UHPC – from the principles
behind its production and its mechanical properties to design and detail-
ing aspects. The focus is on the material behaviour of steel fibre-rein-
forced UHPC. Numerical modelling and detailing of the connections with
reinforced concrete elements are featured as well. Numerous examples
worldwide – bridges, columns, façades and roofs – are the basis for ad-
ditional explanations about the benefits of UHPC and how it helps to
realise several architectural requirements.
The authors are extensively involved in the testing, design, construction
and monitoring of UHPC structures. What they provide here is therefore
a unique synopsis of the state of the art with a view to practical applica-
tions.
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ekkehard Fehling studied civil engineering and gained his doctoral de- Ultra-High Performance
U
gree at TU Darmstadt in 1990. In 1993 he was awarded the IABSE Prize (International Asso- l
t
ciation for Bridge & Structural Design). Since 1997 he has been a licensed checking engineer ra
-
for structural design in concrete and steel. In that same year he was appointed professor H Concrete UHPC
of concrete construction at the University of Kassel, Institute of Structural Engineering. ig
h

P
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Michael Schmidt studied civil engineering and gained his doc- e Fundamentals – Design – Examples
r
toral degree at TU Hannover in 1977. After 20 years of R&D in the German cement industry f
o
he served as professor of construction materials at the University of Kassel, Institute of r
m
Structural Engineering from 1999 to 2012.
a
n Ekkehard Fehling, Michael Schmidt, Joost Walraven,
c
Prof. Dr. Ir. Dr.-Ing. h. c. Joost Walraven studied civil engineering and gained his doctoral e Torsten Leutbecher, Susanne Fröhlich

degree at Delft University of Technology in 1980. For five years he was professor of concrete C
o
technology at TU Darmstadt, and since 1989 he has been professor of structural and build- n
c
ing engineering at TU Delft. He is honorary president of the International Federation for r
e
Structural Concrete, fib. t
e

U
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Torsten Leutbecher studied civil engineering and gained his doctoral H
degree at the University of Kassel in 2007. For six years he was a research associate at the P
C
University of Kassel, Institute of Structural Engineering. In 2014 he was appointed professor
of structural concrete at the University of Siegen.
Dipl.-Ing. Susanne Fröhlich is a research assistant at the University of Kassel, Institute of
Structural Engineering.
ISBN 978-3-433-03087-5
www.ernst-und-sohn.de
BK_Paperback_UHPC_Neu.indd 1 17.07.14 17:04

EkkehardFehling,MichaelSchmidt
JoostWalraven,TorstenLeutbecher
SusanneFröhlich
Ultra-HighPerformance
ConcreteUHPC

Ekkehard Fehling, Michael Schmidt
Joost Walraven, Torsten Leutbecher
Susanne Fröhlich
Ultra-High Performance
Concrete UHPC
Fundamentals, Design, Examples
TheAuthors AllbookspublishedbyErnst&Sohnarecarefullyproduced.
Nevertheless,authors,editors,andpublisherdonotwarrant
Univ.-Prof.Dr.-Ing.EkkehardFehling theinformationcontainedinthesebooks,includingthisbook,
UniversityofKassel tobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
InstituteofStructuralEngineering statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsorotheritems
Kurt-Wolters-Str.3 mayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
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Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationintoother
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V
Contents
Editorial...................................................................................... IX
1 Introduction.................................................................................... 1
2 PrinciplesfortheproductionofUHPC........................................ 5
2.1 Development....................................................................................... 5
2.2 Basicmaterialconcepts....................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Microstructureproperties.................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Gradingoptimization.......................................................................... 8
2.3 Rawmaterials...................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 Cement................................................................................................ 12
2.3.2 Reactiveadmixtures............................................................................ 12
2.3.2.1 Silicafume.......................................................................................... 12
2.3.2.2 Groundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag.................................................. 13
2.3.3 Inertadmixtures.................................................................................. 14
2.3.4 Superplasticizers................................................................................. 14
2.3.5 Steelfibres........................................................................................... 14
2.4 Mixcomposition................................................................................. 15
2.5 Mixing................................................................................................. 15
2.6 Curingandheattreatment................................................................... 17
2.7 Testing................................................................................................ 18
2.7.1 Freshconcrete..................................................................................... 18
2.7.2 Compressiveandflexuraltensilestrengths......................................... 20
3 Mechanicalpropertiesofthehardenedconcrete...................... 23
3.1 General................................................................................................ 23
3.2 Behaviourincompression................................................................... 23
3.2.1 UHPCwithoutfibres........................................................................... 23
3.2.2 UHPCwithsteelfibres........................................................................ 24
3.2.3 Furtherfactorsaffectingthecompressivestrength.............................. 27
3.2.3.1 Geometryoftestspecimenandtestsetup........................................... 27
3.2.3.2 Heattreatment..................................................................................... 27
3.3 Behaviourintension........................................................................... 27
3.3.1 Axial(concentric)tensionloads.......................................................... 27
3.3.2 Flexuraltensilestrength...................................................................... 32
3.3.3 Derivationofaxialtensilestrengthfromcompressivestrength.......... 34
3.3.4 Derivationofaxialtensilestrengthfrombendingtests....................... 35
3.3.5 Splittingtensilestrength...................................................................... 36
3.3.6 Howfibregeometryandorientationinfluencethebehaviour
ofUHPCintension............................................................................. 36
3.3.7 Convertingthestress–crackwidthrelationshipinto
astress–straindiagram........................................................................ 39
3.3.8 Interactionoffibresandbarreinforcement......................................... 41
3.4 Shrinkage............................................................................................ 42
3.5 Creep................................................................................................... 43
VI Contents
3.6 Multi-axialstresses............................................................................. 44
3.7 Fatiguebehaviour................................................................................ 44
3.8 Dynamicactions.................................................................................. 51
3.9 Fireresistance..................................................................................... 53
3.10 UHPCwithcombinationsoffibres(‘fibrecocktails’)......................... 53
4 Durability........................................................................................ 59
4.1 Microstructure..................................................................................... 59
4.2 Resistancetoaggressivemedia........................................................... 59
4.3 Classificationinexposureclasses....................................................... 63
5 Designprinciples.......................................................................... 65
5.1 Influenceoffibredistributionandfibreorientation............................. 65
5.2 Analysesfortheultimatelimitstate.................................................... 66
5.2.1 Safetyconcept..................................................................................... 66
5.2.2 Simplifiedstress–straincurvefordesign............................................. 67
5.2.2.1 Compressionactions........................................................................... 67
5.2.2.2 Tensionactions................................................................................... 70
5.2.3 Designforbendingandnormalforce.................................................. 72
5.2.4 Designforshear.................................................................................. 75
5.2.4.1 TestsattheUniversityofKassel......................................................... 75
5.2.4.2 TestsatRWTHAachenUniversity..................................................... 79
5.2.4.3 TestsatDelftUniversityofTechnology............................................. 81
5.2.5 Punchingshear.................................................................................... 84
5.2.6 Strut-and-tiemodels............................................................................ 85
5.2.6.1 Load-carryingcapacityofstruts.......................................................... 86
5.2.6.2 Load-carryingcapacityofties............................................................. 87
5.2.6.3 Load-carryingcapacityofnodes......................................................... 87
5.2.7 Partiallyloadedareas.......................................................................... 88
5.2.8 Fatigue................................................................................................ 88
5.3 Analysesfortheserviceabilitylimitstate............................................ 89
5.3.1 Limitingcrackwidths......................................................................... 89
5.3.2 Minimumreinforcement..................................................................... 97
5.3.3 Calculatingdeformations.................................................................... 99
6 Connections................................................................................... 105
6.1 General................................................................................................ 105
6.2 Dryjoints............................................................................................ 105
6.3 Gluedjoints......................................................................................... 105
6.4 Wetjoints............................................................................................ 108
6.5 Groutedjoints..................................................................................... 111
6.6 AddingUHPClayerstoexistingcomponentstoupgradestructures.. 113
7 Projectscompleted....................................................................... 117
7.1 Bridges................................................................................................ 117
7.1.1 Canada................................................................................................ 117
Contents VII
7.1.1.1 Bridgeforpedestrians/cyclists,Sherbrooke(1997)............................ 117
7.1.1.2 Glenmore/Legsbyfootbridge,Calgary(2007).................................... 117
7.1.2 France................................................................................................. 118
7.1.2.1 Roadbridge,Bourg-lès-Valence......................................................... 118
7.1.2.2 PontduDiablefootbridge(2005)....................................................... 119
7.1.2.3 PontdelaChabotteroadbridge.......................................................... 120
7.1.2.4 PontPinelroadbridge(2007)............................................................. 121
7.1.2.5 StrengtheningthePontsurl’Huisne,Mans......................................... 124
7.1.3 Japan................................................................................................... 124
7.1.3.1 Sakata-Miraifootbridge(2003)........................................................... 124
7.1.3.2 GSEBridge,TokyoAirport(2010).................................................... 126
7.1.3.3 TokyoMonorail,HanedaAirportline................................................. 128
7.1.4 SouthKorea........................................................................................ 129
7.1.4.1 Seonyu‘BridgeofPeace’,Seoul......................................................... 129
7.1.4.2 KICTcable-stayedfootbridge(2009)................................................. 131
7.1.4.3 DesignforJobalBridge(KICT).......................................................... 132
7.1.5 Germany............................................................................................. 133
7.1.5.1 BridgesoverRiverNiestenearKassel................................................ 133
7.1.5.2 GärtnerplatzBridgeoverRiverFulda,Kassel(2007)......................... 134
7.1.5.3 HSLVpilotproject.............................................................................. 137
7.1.5.4 Bridgeforpedestrians/cyclistsoverRiverPleiße,Markkleeberg
(2012).................................................................................................. 140
7.1.6 Austria................................................................................................. 141
7.1.6.1 WildBridgenearVölkermarkt............................................................ 141
7.1.6.2 Bridgeforpedestrians/cyclists,Lienz................................................. 143
7.1.6.3 Modulartemporarybridgeforhigh-speedraillines............................ 144
7.1.7 Switzerland......................................................................................... 146
7.1.8 TheNetherlands.................................................................................. 147
7.2 Applicationsinbuildings.................................................................... 149
7.2.1 Columns.............................................................................................. 149
7.2.2 Façades............................................................................................... 151
7.2.3 Stairsandbalconies............................................................................. 152
7.2.4 Roofs................................................................................................... 155
7.3 Otherapplications............................................................................... 157
7.3.1 Runway,HanedaAirport,Tokyo,Japan............................................. 157
7.3.2 JeanBouinStadium,Paris.................................................................. 160
8 Acknowledgements...................................................................... 163
References................................................................................. 165
Index........................................................................................... 183