Ultrafast photonics : proceedings of the Fifty-Sixth Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics, St. Andrews, September 2002 PDF
Preview Ultrafast photonics : proceedings of the Fifty-Sixth Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics, St. Andrews, September 2002
ULTRAFAST PHOTONICS Proceedingsof theFifty-Sixth ScottishUniversities SummerSchoolinPhysics StAndrews, September 2002 ANATOAdvancedStudyInstitute Editedby AMiller—Universityof StAndrews DTReid—Heriot-WattUniversity D MFinlayson —Universityof StAndrews SeriesEditor POsborne—UniversityofEdinburgh Co-publishedby ScottishUniversities SummerSchoolinPhysics & InstituteofPhysics Publishing,BristolandPhiladelphia © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004 Copyright©2004 TheScottishUniversitiesSummerSchoolinPhysics Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyform byphotostat,microfilmoranyothermeanswithout writtenpermissionfromthepublishers. BritishLibrarycataloguing-in-PublicationData: Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary ISBN0-7503-0904-0 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataareavailable. Co-publishedby SUSSPPublications SchoolofPhysics,EdinburghUniversity, TheKing’sBuildings,MayfieldRoad,EdinburghEH93JZ,Scotland. and InstituteofPhysicsPublishing,whollyownedby TheInstituteofPhysics,London. InstituteofPhysicsPublishing,DiracHouse,TempleBack,BristolBS16BE,UK. USOffice:InstituteofPhysicsPublishing,ThePublicLedgerBuilding, Suite929,150IndependenceMallWest,Philadelphia,PA19106,USA. PrintedintheUKbyMPGBooksLtd,Bodmin,Cornwall. © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004 SUSSP Proceedings 1 1960 DispersionRelations 2 1961 Fluctuation,RelaxationandResonanceinMagneticSystems 3 1962 PolaronsandExcitons 4 1963 StrongInteractionsandHighEnergyPhysics 5 1964 NuclearStructureandElectromagneticInteractions 6 1965 PhononsinPerfectandImperfectLattices 7 1966 ParticleInteractionsatHighEnergy 8 1967 MethodsinSolidStateandSuperfluidTheory 9 1968 PhysicsofHotPlasmas 10 1969 QuantumOptics 11 1970 HadronicInteractionsofPhotonsandElectrons 12 1971 AtomsandMoleculesinAstrophysics 13 1972 PropertiesofAmorphousSemiconductors 14 1973 PhenomenologyofParticlesatHighEnergy 15 1974 TheHeliumLiquids 16 1975 Non-linearOptics 17 1976 FundamentalsofQuarkModels 18 1977 NuclearStructurePhysics 19 1978 MetalNon-metalTransitionsinDisorderedSolids 20 1979 Laser-PlasmaInteractions:1 21 1980 GaugeTheoriesandExperimentsatHighEnergy 22 1981 MagnetisminSolids 23 1982 Laser-PlasmaInteractions:2 24 1982 Lasers:Physics,SystemsandTechniques 25 1983 QuantitativeElectronMicroscopy 26 1983 StatisticalandParticlePhysics 27 1984 FundamentalForces 28 1985 SuperstringsandSupergravity 29 1985 Laser-PlasmaInteractions:3 30 1985 SynchrotronRadiation 31 1986 LocalisationandInteraction 32 1987 ComputationalPhysics 33 1987 AstrophysicalPlasmaSpectroscopy 34 1988 OpticalComputing 35 1988 Laser-PlasmaInteractions:4 36 1989 PhysicsoftheEarlyUniverse /continued © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004 SUSSP Proceedings (continued) 37 1990 PatternRecognitionandImageProcessing 38 1991 PhysicsofNanostructures 39 1991 HighTemperatureSuperconductivity 40 1992 QuantitativeMicrobeamAnalysis 41 1992 SpatialComplexityinOpticalSystems 42 1993 HighEnergyPhenomenology 43 1994 DeterminationofGeophysicalParametersfromSpace 44 1994 SimpleQuantumSystems 45 1994 Laser-PlasmaInteractions5:InertialConfinementFusion 46 1995 GeneralRelativity 47 1995 LaserSourcesandApplications 48 1996 GenerationandApplicationofHighPowerMicrowaves 49 1997 PhysicalProcessesintheCoastalZone 50 1998 SemiconductorQuantumOpto-electronics 51 1998 MuonScience 52 1998 AdvancesinLasersandApplications 53 1999 SoftandFragileMatter 54 2000 TheRestlessUniverse 55 2001 HeavyFlavourPhysics 56 2002 Ultrafastphotonics 57 2003 LargeHadronColliderPhenomenology 58 2004 HadronPhysics 59 2004 SoftCondensedMatterinMolecularandCellBiology © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004 Lecturers DonalBradley ImperialCollegeofScienceTechnologyandMedicine TakisHadjifotiou NortelNetworks JornHvam TechnicalUniversityofDenmark JaroslavKovac SlovakUniversityofTechnology ThomasFKrauss UniversityofStAndrews AlanMiller UniversityofStAndrews DavidABMiller StanfordUniversity Jean-LouisOudar CNRSLaboratoirePhotoniqueetNanostructure RichardVPenty UniversityofCambridge DerryckTReid Heriot-WattUniversity PeeterSaari UniversityofTartu SolomonMSaltiel SofiaUniversity IforDWSamuel UniversityofStAndrews WilsonSibbett UniversityofStAndrews GeorgeStegeman UniversityofCentralFlorida OsamuWada KobeUniversity AlekseiMZheltikov MVLomonosovMoscowStateUniversity vii © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004 Executive Committee ProfAlanMiller UniversityofStAndrews DirectorandCo-Editor DrTomBrown UniversityofStAndrews Secretary DrDerryckReid Heriot-WattUniversity TreasurerandCo-Editor DrDavidFinlayson UniversityofStAndrews Co-Editor International Advisory Committee ProfDavidABMiller StanfordUniversity,USA ProfGeorgeStegeman UniversityofCentralFlorida,USA ProfAlekseiMZheltikov MVLomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,Russia viii © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004 Preface This book is the Proceedings of the 56th Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics (SUSSP56),on‘UltrafastPhotonics’heldattheUniversityofStAndrews,Scotlandbetween 1stand14thSeptember2002. Ultrafastphotonicshasbecomeaninterdisciplinarytopicofhighinternationalresearch interestbecauseofthespectaculardevelopmentofcompactandefficientlasersproducingop- ticalpulseswithdurationsinthefemtosecondtimedomain.ThescopeoftheSchoolranged fromtherelevantfundamentalphysicsofopticalinteractionsandmaterialpropertiesthrough to new system concepts for ultrahigh-capacity data transfer/processing using femtosecond pulses.Areasofscientificbreakthroughandsubsequenttechnologicaladvancewereempha- sised.TheSchoolincludedresearchersfrommajorcollaborativeresearchinitiativesinultra- fastphotonicsinEurope,USAandJapan. ‘Photonics’encompassesoptics-baseddevices,componentsandsystemsforinformation technology.Photonicshasbeenthefoundationuponwhichthemajoradvancesincommu- nicationshavebeenmade.Presentdaylong-haultelecommunicationsystemsarealmosten- tirely based on the transmission of short bursts or pulses of laser light along silica optical fibreswithErbium-dopedfibreamplifiersinsertedtoregeneratethesignalsperiodically.Op- ticalfibreshavetheadvantageoflowloss,highreliability,hugeinformationcarryingcapac- ityand,mostimportant,cost.Thephenomenalsuccessofopticalfibrecommunicationshas created a substantial opto-electronics industry that provides efficient laser sources, high- speedmodulators,opticalamplifiersanddetectors. Althoughopticaldatatransmissionisnowwellestablished,thefullpotentialhasnotbeen reachedtomeettheever-increasingdemandsofdata-communication.Indeed,photonics-re- lated component and system developments are still relatively immature in terms of data switching, routing and component integration. Current system approaches will eventually cease to meet the ever increasing demand of information transfer. Novel approaches and ideasareneeded;theserequirearethinkofthefundamentalissuesoflightgeneration,new optoelectronic materials, laser-semiconductor interactions, ultrashort pulse propagation, nanometricstructures,deviceminiaturisationandintegration.Theexplosionoftheinternet willdemandthatexistingwavelengthdivisionmultiplexing(WDM)schemeswillneedtobe complementedwithtime-domainmultiplexing(TDM)techniquesinvolvingdigitaloptical signals using ultrashort laser pulses. Ultimately, photonics involving ultrashort pulses of femtoseconddurationoffersexcitingopportunitiesatmulti-Tb/sdatarateswiththegoalof complete optical-electronic systems combined on a single chip. SUSSP56 was timely in bringingworldexpertsinthisfieldtogetherwithyoungpeoplewhoareexcitedbythisvery activeareaofresearch. SUSSP56washeldintheSchoolofPhysicsandAstronomyandJohnBurnetHallonthe NorthHaughoftheUniversityofStAndrewsandclosetotheancienttown’sshops,pubs, beachesandhistoricalmonumentsandadjacenttothefamous‘OldCourse’,theveryfirstgolf course. The School was supported as a NATOAdvanced Study Institute and a European Community Summer School.The 116 participants from 20 countries attended 44 lectures presentedby17lecturersover11workingdays.Anumberofdiscus-sionsessionscreated ix © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004 stimulatingdebateonthekeyissuesandstudentspresentedtheirownworkin67posterpa- persintwoverylivelysessions.TheSchoolwasfurtherenrichedbythevisitofagroupof 6 Japanese scientists who gave overviews of research activities in ultrafast photonics at FESTA,AISTandTohokuUniversity. Abusysocialprogrammekepteverybodywelloccupiedoutsideoftheformalsessions. ParticipantssampledtheScottishscenerywithaclimbupBenVrackie,tripstoStirlingCas- tle,theWallace(ofBraveheartfame)Monument,andatourofStAndrews.Theuniversity gaveareceptionandaformaldinnerprovidedatasteofhaggis.‘Pubcrawls’ofthenumer- ous StAndrews establishments were organised by the local post-graduate students when many were introduced to the effects (good and not so good) of malt whisky.An ‘Interna- tional Evening’allowed students to sample food and drinks from the many nations repre- sented. Some participants braved a swim in the North Sea from the adjacentWest Sands Beachwhileothersattemptedgolf,puttingorjustwalkingthelinks.Ahighlightformanywas thefinalnightceilidhincludingtraditionalScottishdancing.Itisourhopethatthefriendships thatformedduringtheSchoolwillleadtolife-longbondsandlinkswithfruitfulresearchcol- laborationsspanningmanyinternationalbordersandcultures. Theorganisersaregratefulforthehelpofmanyorganisationsandindividualsinthesuc- cessoftheschool.Wewouldliketothankoursponsors;NATOandtheEuropeanCommu- nity, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the National Science Foundation(USA),ScottishEnterprise,theScottishBranchofLEOS,InstituteofPhysics Publishing,andSUSSP.TheDirectorandallparticipantsgreatlyappreciatedthetimeandef- fortputinbythelocalorganisingteamledbyTomBrownasSchoolSecretaryandDerryck ReidasTreasurer.DavidFinlaysondeservesspecialthanksforprovidinghisexpertguidance fromover40yearsofexperiencewithSUSSPSchools,presentinghisspecialistknowledge ofmaltwhiskies,andcontributingmanyhoursofdiligentconvertingandeditingthechap- tersofthisbook. The staff of John Burnet Hall, headed by Jackie Mathews, again provided a very high qualityandfriendlyresidentialservice.Thanksarealsoduetothestaffandstudentsofthe SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomyforprovidingwillingassistanceinmanytasksthatcon- tributedtotheoverallsuccessoftheSchool. AlanMiller StAndrews,September2003 Editors’Note Thechapters,writtenbyinternationallyrenownedexpertsinthefieldofultrafastphotonics, arebasedonthelecturespresentedattheschool.Theyprovidetutorial-styleintroductionsto thevarioustopics,suitableforpost-graduateresearchstudentsandotherswithabasicknowl- edgeofphotonics.Thebookprogressesfromidentifyingsomeofthesystemsissuesthrough fundamental optical physics to future devices and applications.The editors would like to thanktheauthorsfortheirexcellentandtimelycontributionstothisvolume.MichaelMazilu isacknowledgedforhisexperthelpinhandlingthemanydifferentsubmittedfiletypesand convertingthemintotheLaTexformatofthefinalversion. x © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004 Contents Prospectsforultrafastdigitalprocessing.........................................................................1 DavidABMiller Femtosecondsourcesbasedonvibroniccrystals...........................................................21 TomBrownandWilsonSibbett Shortpulsegenerationusingsemiconductorlasers.......................................................43 RichardPenty Measuringultrafastlaserpulses.....................................................................................59 DerryckTReid Cascadednonlinearopticalprocesses.............................................................................73 SolomonMSaltiel Spatialbeaminstabilitiesduetoinstantaneousnonlinearmechanisms....................103 GeorgeIStegeman Planarphotoniccrystalmicrocircuitelements............................................................123 ThomasFKrauss Propagationofshortlightpulsesinphotonicband-gapstru.....................................141 AlekseiMZheltikov Ultrafastspectroscopystudiesofsemiconductors.......................................................193 JaroslavKovac Ultrafastsemiconductorall-opticalprocessingdevicesfortelecommunicationsappli- cations..............................................................................................................................225 Jean-LouisOudar Ultrafastprocessesinsemiconductoropticalamplifiersandmodulators.................265 ø J rnMHvam Towardspolymerlasersandamplifiers........................................................................291 IforDWSamuel Opticalspintronicsforswitching..................................................................................305 AlanMiller Localisedwavesinfemtosecondoptics.........................................................................317 PeeterSaari PosterSessions................................................................................................................341 ListofParticipants.........................................................................................................345 xi © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004 1 Ultrafast digital processing DavidABMiller StanfordUniversity,USA 1 Introduction Thischapterwilldealwithsomepossibleapplicationsofultrafastphotonictechnology.We willdiscusssomeofthekeyfeaturesofultrafastphotonicsthatmightbeusefulindigitalin- formation processing, and go on to discuss some specific applications currently being re- searched, including optically assisted analog-to-digital conversion, ultrafast optical gates, opticalclockdistribution,andopticalinterconnects.Ineachcasewewillgivesomeofthe backgroundmotivationfortheapplication,aswellasgivingaspecificresearchexample. Itisworthpointingoutattheoutsetthatmakingthematchbetweentheexcitingoppor- tunitiesofanewtechnology,suchasultrafastphotonics,andpracticalusesthatwilldisplace existingtechnologyinrealapplicationsisachallengingtask.Thepracticalworldisnore- specter of how erudite or beautiful is the physics with which we are working, or, for that matter,howsmartwethinkweare!Theapparentlymostminorofpracticaldetailscanpre- ventanewtechnologyfromactuallybeingused.Existingtechnologiescanbeverydifficult todisplacebecauseexistingsystemsareoftenoptimizedroundthestrengthsandlimitations of that technology, because the investments have often been made that make that existing technology inexpensive, and because engineers and technicians are already trained to de- sign,installandmaintainthem. Onthepositiveside,weshouldnotethatnewtechnologiescertainlydodisplaceexisting ones,andalsofindapplicationstheexistingtechnologiescouldnotsupport.Insodoing,it isoftensurprisingwhataspectsofanewtechnologyarethekeytoitssuccessfuluse.Therea- sonforthedominanceofsiliconelectronicsovergermaniumorgalliumarsenideistheprop- ertiesofthesilicon,silicon-oxideinterface,withitsverylowdensityofsurfacestates,which allowsverylargenumbersoftransistorstobemadereliably.Theimportantparameterforap- plicationswasnot,asscientistshaveoftenimagined,theperformanceoftheindividualtran- sistor,butratherthematerialpropertiesthatenableustomakelargenumbers.Itisalsooften surprisingthatthefinaldominantapplicationsofarevolutionarytechnologyhavelittletodo withtheapplicationsimaginedbytheoriginalscientistsorbusinesspeople.(Forexample, ThomasWatson,thenchairmanofIBM,saidin1943thathethoughttherewasaworldmar- ketformaybefivecomputers,andKenOlson,president,chairman,andfounderofDigital © IOP Publishing Ltd 2004
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