Ultra Wideband Antennas and Propagation for Communications, Radar and Imaging

510 Pages·2006·13.02 MB·English

by  Professor Ben Allen

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ULTRA-WIDEBAND
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
FOR COMMUNICATIONS,
RADAR AND IMAGING
Edited by
Ben Allen
UniversityofOxford,UK
Mischa Dohler
FranceTélécomR&D,France
Ernest E. Okon
BAESystemsAdvancedTechnologyCentre,UK
Wasim Q. Malik
UniversityofOxford,UK
Anthony K. Brown
UniversityofManchester,UK
David J. Edwards
UniversityofOxford,UK
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ULTRA-WIDEBAND
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
FOR COMMUNICATIONS,
RADAR AND IMAGING
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ULTRA-WIDEBAND
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
FOR COMMUNICATIONS,
RADAR AND IMAGING
Edited by
Ben Allen
UniversityofOxford,UK
Mischa Dohler
FranceTélécomR&D,France
Ernest E. Okon
BAESystemsAdvancedTechnologyCentre,UK
Wasim Q. Malik
UniversityofOxford,UK
Anthony K. Brown
UniversityofManchester,UK
David J. Edwards
UniversityofOxford,UK
iii
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Contents
Editors xv
PrimeContributors xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxvii
Abbreviations&Acronyms xxix
1 IntroductiontoUWBSignalsandSystems 1
AndreasF.Molisch
1.1 HistoryofUWB 1
1.2 Motivation 3
1.2.1 LargeAbsoluteBandwidth 3
1.2.2 LargeRelativeBandwidth 5
1.3 UWBSignalsandSystems 6
1.3.1 ImpulseRadio 6
1.3.2 DS-CDMA 8
1.3.3 OFDM 9
1.3.4 FrequencyHopping 10
1.3.5 RADAR 11
1.3.6 Geolocation 11
1.4 FrequencyRegulation 12
1.5 Applications,OperatingScenariosandStandardisation 13
1.6 SystemOutlook 15
References 16
PartI Fundamentals 19
IntroductiontoPartI 21
WasimQ.MalikandDavidJ.Edwards
2 FundamentalElectromagneticTheory 25
MischaDohler
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Maxwell’sEquations 25
2.2.1 DifferentialFormulation 25
2.2.2 Interpretation 26
2.2.3 KeytoAntennasandPropagation 27
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vi Contents
2.2.4 SolvingMaxwell’sEquations 28
2.2.5 HarmonicRepresentation 29
2.3 ResultingPrinciples 30
References 30
3 BasicAntennaElements 31
MischaDohler
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 HertzianDipole 31
3.2.1 Far-Field–FraunhoferRegion 33
3.2.2 Near-Field–FresnelRegion 33
3.3 AntennaParametersandTerminology 34
3.3.1 Polarisation 34
3.3.2 PowerDensity 35
3.3.3 RadiatedPower 36
3.3.4 RadiationResistance 37
3.3.5 AntennaImpedance 37
3.3.6 EquivalentCircuit 37
3.3.7 AntennaMatching 38
3.3.8 EffectiveLengthandArea 38
3.3.9 Friis’TransmissionFormula 39
3.3.10 RadiationIntensity 39
3.3.11 RadiationPattern 39
3.3.12 (Antenna)Bandwidth 41
3.3.13 DirectiveGain,Directivity,PowerGain 41
3.3.14 RadiationEfficiency 42
3.4 BasicAntennaElements 42
3.4.1 Finite-LengthDipole 42
3.4.2 Monopole 44
3.4.3 PrintedAntennas 45
3.4.4 WidebandandFrequency-IndependentElements 45
References 47
4 AntennaArrays 49
ErnestE.Okon
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 PointSources 49
4.2.1 PointSourceswithEqualAmplitudeandPhase 50
4.2.2 PointSourceswithEqualAmplitudeand180DegreesPhaseDifference 53
4.2.3 PointSourcesofUnequalAmplitudeandArbitraryPhaseDifference 53
4.3 ThePrincipleofPatternMultiplication 55
4.4 LinearArraysofnElements 56
4.5 LinearBroadsideArrayswithNonuniformAmplitudeDistributions 58
4.5.1 TheBinomialDistribution 59
4.5.2 TheDolph–TschebyscheffDistribution 59
4.6 PlanarArrays 62
4.6.1 RectangularArrays 62
4.6.2 CircularArrays 63
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Contents vii
4.7 DesignConsiderations 65
4.7.1 MutualCoupling 65
4.7.2 ArrayGain 65
4.8 Summary 66
References 66
5 Beamforming 67
BenAllen
5.1 Introduction 67
5.1.1 HistoricalAspects 67
5.1.2 ConceptofSpatialSignalProcessing 68
5.2 AntennaArrays 69
5.2.1 LinearArray 70
5.2.2 CircularArray 71
5.2.3 PlanarArray 72
5.2.4 ConformalArrays 72
5.3 AdaptiveArraySystems 73
5.3.1 SpatialFiltering 73
5.3.2 AdaptiveAntennaArrays 74
5.3.3 MutualCouplingandCorrelation 74
5.4 Beamforming 75
5.4.1 AdaptiveAntennaTechnology 75
5.4.2 BeamSteering 78
5.4.3 GratingLobes 83
5.4.4 AmplitudeWeights 84
5.4.5 WindowFunctions 85
5.5 Summary 86
References 87
6 AntennaDiversityTechniques 89
JunshengLiu,WasimQ.Malik,DavidJ.EdwardsandMohammadGhavami
6.1 Introduction 89
6.2 AReviewofFading 89
6.2.1 SignalFading 90
6.2.2 ChannelDistribution 91
6.3 ReceiveDiversity 93
6.3.1 SingleBranchwithoutDiversity 93
6.3.2 GeneralCombiningSchemesforReceiveDiversity 95
6.3.3 MaximumRatioCombining 96
6.3.4 EqualGainCombining 98
6.3.5 SelectionCombiningandSwitchedDiversity 99
6.3.6 FadingCorrelation 99
6.4 TransmitDiversity 100
6.4.1 ChannelUnknowntotheTransmitter 101
6.4.2 ChannelKnowntotheTransmitter 102
6.5 MIMODiversitySystems 102
References 103