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Ultra-Fine Particles. Exploratory Science and Technology PDF

449 Pages·1995·20.106 MB·English
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Acknowledgment sihT koob si a detalsnart dna desiver noitide fo eht koob “Ultra eniF ”selcitraP dehsilbup ni .esenapaJ Dr. treboR siweL at eht abukusT hcraeseR muitrosnoC detcerroc dna did eht -imilerp yran gnitide fo eht eritne tpircsunam dna rosseforP ijnaK onO at lanoitanretnI naitsirhC ytisrevinU dna ytisrevinU fo ainrofilaC at soL selegnA dedivorp eht tsrif noitalsnart otni .hsilgnE ehT atiM gnihsilbup esuoh ylsuoicarg evag eht srohtua eht modeerf ot elbane eht hsilgnE noitide ot eb elbaliava rof .noitacilbup .sM okieR ayhO deilppus tsom fo eht lacirelc .ecivres ehT srohtua hsiw ot sserpxe rieht erecnis noitaicerppa ot .meht ruO ynam sknaht osla ot rosseforP natnioR hahsnuB dna Mr. egroeG Narita rof rieht ecneitap dna deunitnoc tseretni ni “Ultra eniF ”.selcitraP vii Contributors ayneG abihC oimuS amijiI hcraeseR tnempoleveD noitaroproC NEC noitaroproC fo napaJ ,ikarabI-,abukusT napaJ ,ihcugawaK ,amatiaS napaJ urahuzaK ikasawI ijiE atihcuF EMR ynapmoC muucaV lacigrullateM ,.oC .dtL ,ojagaT ,igayiM napaJ ,nug-ubnaS ,abihC napaJ arikA oghoJ arakihC ihsayaH deilppA slairetaM ,napaJ .cnI CAVLU napaJ .dtL ,uk-ukujniS ,oykoT napaJ ,ikasagihC ,awaganaK napaJ oediH atukaK urahoyoT ihsayaH tnalP slacimehcocE hcraeseR retneC iustiM ustaoT ,slacimehC .cnI ,awinE ,odiakkoH napaJ ,amahokoY ,awaganaK napaJ orihciieS uhsaK asakusT amayariH muucaV lacigrullateM ,.oC .dtL napaJ eniF scimareC retneC ,nug-ubnaS ,abihC napaJ ,ayogaN ,ihciA napaJ oikA otaK iranihsoT ihsahihcI uhsuyK ytisrevinU NEC noitaroproC ,akoukuF ,akoukuF napaJ ,abukusT ,ikarabI napaJ viii Contributors okihciM ikonusuK arikA ikasaT napaJ eniF scimareC retneC etutitsnI fo deilppA scisyhP ,ayogaN ,ihciA napaJ ytisrevinU fo abukusT ,abukusT ,ikarabI napaJ ihsekaT ebanaM nasieT K.K. dlediH amatoyoT ,abukusT ,ikarabI napaJ yelnatS cirtcelE ,.oC .diL ,abukusT ,ikarabI napaJ ihsadaT aganustaM oykoT ytisrevinU fo erutlucirgA dna ihcinuhS egusT ygolonhceT ,abukusT ,ikarabI napaJ ,ienagoK ,oykoT napaJ imufikA oneU ihsoriH otomayiM akouzihS ytisrevinU ralulleC scisyhpoiB yrotarobaL ,ustamamaH ,akouzihS napaJ lanoitaN etutitsnI fo ecneicsoiB & namuH ygolonhceT ouzihS arumemU ,abukusT ,ikarabI napaJ iadonayiM ygolonhceT tnempoleveD retneC ukI otomeN ijuF otohP mliF ,.oC .dtL oykoT ikneD ytisrevinU ,nug-imakaragihsA ,awaganaK ,amayotaH ,amatiaS napaJ napaJ ikaasaM adO izoyR adeyU muucaV lacigrullateM ,.oC .dtL ayogaN ytisrevinU ,nug-ubnaS ,abihC napaJ ,ayogaN ,ihciA napaJ oiroN asugeaS okihuboN Wada omotimuS M3 .dtL ayogaN ytisrevinU ,uk-ayagateS ,oykoT napaJ ,ayogaN ,ihciA napaJ uzakusaY otiaS ubonoyoT adihsoY ecneicS ytisrevinU fo oykoT ehT ytisrevinU fo oykoT ,uk-ukujnihS ,oykoT napaJ ,uk-oyknuB ,oykoT napaJ ihsotegihS ihsahakaT ironikA awazihsoY ,nihssiN ,ihciA napaJ awazibsoY yrtsudnI .cnI ,akoagaN ,atagiiN napaJ ix INTRODUCTION yrotarolpxE hcraeseR eniF-ar tl-U elcitraP hcraeseR (By Chikara Hayashi) sihT koob saw nettirw htiw lareves sevitcejbo ni :dnim oT> erahs htiw as ynam stsitneics dna sreenigne as elbissop eht gniugirtni cifitneics stcepsa fo enif-artlu selcitrap )sPFU( dna ot wohs rieht laitnetop as wen .slairetam ecitnEk hcus srehcraeser ot etapicitrap ni eht tnempoleved fo siht gnigreme .dleif oT> ezicilbup eht stnemeveihca fo eht eniF-artlU elcitraP ,tcejorP hcihw saw deirrac tuo rednu eht secipsua fo eht yrotarolpxE hcraeseR rof decnavdA ygolonhceT margorp )OTARE( gnirud eht doirep 1981-1986. nI noitidda ot eht srebmem fo eht eniF-artlU elcitraP ,tcejorP snoitubirtnoc morf rehto sreenoip ni siht dleif are .dedulcni oT eveihca eht tsrif evitcejbo debircsed ,evoba eht ytimrofinu fo eht stnetnoc dna sucof no a elgnis lartnec emeht evah neeb decifircas tahwemos ot edivorp daorab .egarevoc tI si detcepxe taht eht redaer nac revocsid na etairporppa cipot rof rehtruf tnempoleved fo wen slairetam dna cisab ygolonhcet yb gnidaer detceles snoitces fo siht .koob ,yletanretlA eno yam niag na weivrevo fo siht wen dleif yb gniweiver eht eritne ,koob hcihw nac yllaitnetop dael ot wen snoitcerid ni eht tnempoleved fo .sPFU gniruD eht tsap wef ,sraey ynam aisopmys dna spohskrow no sPFU evah neeb dleh ni .napaJ nI ,noitidda a yteirav fo D&R stcejorp no ynam stcepsa fo eseht slairetam evah neeb .detaitini ,revewoH on yhtroweton scipot evah degreme morf .yrtsudni tI dluohs eb dezisahpme taht gnireenoip stroffe ni a wen dleif tonnac eb ylisae 1 Ultra-Fine Particles detaulave desab ylerem no cimonoce .srotcaf oT dael eht dlrow ,ymonoce stii tnatropmi ot naiatniam noitisop ni hcihw wen slairetam nac eb detaerc dna ,wen decnavda lairtsudni stcudorp nac eb .depoleved sihT nac ylno emoceb elbisaef hguorht eht stroffe fo suoitibma dna detacided stsitneics dn asreenigne ohw era detavitom ot teem eht .segnellahc nI eht eniF-artlU elcitraP ,tcejorP selcitrap htiw sretemaid fo o1 t m100 n erew derrefer ot as UFPs. hcaE UFP si a noitcelloc fo tuoba 100 ot 108 .smota nI o ntosirapmoc eht cimota ,elacs UFPs nac eb deredisnoc ot mor efgnar egral ot .seid otbnaig ,revewoH rieht ezis si ssel naht lacitpo shtgnelevaw dna seriuqer nortcele ypocsorcim rof lacigolohprom snoitavresbo ,.e.i( na laudividni UFP tonnac eb devresbo .)yllacitpo eUFhPsT taht era elbisiv ot eht dekan eye era ni tcaf detalugaoc seidob fo UFPs. lanoitidarT enif sredwop era yllareneg setaremolgga fo enif ,selcitrap htiw sretemaid 22 .mp ehT UFPs evaheb as sdiuqil ro gnirugasesd lacinahcem stnemtaert hcus as gnihsurc dna .gniretlif selcitraP rellams naht UFPs ,.e.i( selcitrap gnitsisnoc fo lareves smota ot sderdnuh fo )smota era yllausu dellac .sretsulc yllarene egnO possesses evitiutni stpecnoc rof elbisiv ,stcejbo hcus as ,slatem ,scimarec ,scitsalp dna gnivil ,rettam hcihw era supra- snoitcelloc fo .smota gniredisnoC eseht ,slairetam eno nac ksa snoitseuq hcus as woh ynam smota era deriuqer rof a noitcelloc fo o stmota tibihxe scitsiretcarahc taht era nommoc ot a ?latem Or, woh egral a ezis si dedeen ot wohs lacigoloib snoitcaretni dna ?snoitcnuf snoitagitsevnI fo UFPs evah hcus elpmis snoitseuq gnikrul ni eht .dnuorgkcab ,revewoH hcus elpmis snoitseuq lliw eb a yek cipot fo ecneics rof emos emit otni eht .erutuf tahT ,si ot dnatsrednu dna yfiralc hcus anemonehp as segnahc ni ,rettam esahp ,snoitamrofsnart dna eht ecneics fo sisehtnys dna ,erutcarf eht tsellams tinu fo a dilos yam eb UFPs. ehT tsellams tinu ni eht dlrow smsinagroor cifmo yadot si thguoht ot eb eht ,suriv a ”elcitrap“ tuoba eht emas ezis as taht fo UFPs. mor dferedisnoC siht ,evitcepsrep UFPs yam eb thguoht fo as tnaig ,selucelom tub yeht tonnac eb debircsed yletauqeda yb eht ralucelom krowemarf fo lacissalc yrtsimehc ni smret fo eht rebmun fo 2 Introduction smota dna rieht evitaler ,snoitisop yllaicepse eht tnemegnarra fo smota no eht ecafrus fo eht selcitrap dna ta rieht .secafretni nI lairtsudni ,ygolonhcet eno noitcerid si ot enifer dna ,lortnoc as ni emf“ ”scimarec dna enif“ ”,ygolonhcet elihw eht rehto si ot dnetxe eht ,snoziroh hcus as taeh ro noitaidar tnatsiser slairetam ro ecaps .ygolonhcet snoitacilppA rof UFP seigolonhcet dnet drawot eht elyts d ntanemenif efro lortnoc dna era ylpeed detaler ot eht sdleif fo scinortcele dna .gnireenigneoib ehT eniF-artlU elcitraP tcejorP daedulcni puorg taht detagitsevni lacigoloib dna lacimehc snoitacilppa noitapicit nnai fo hcus .sdeen gnomA eht airetcab ,detagitsevni emos erew elba ot tcartxe dna etartnecnoc snoi morf eht gnidnuorrus ,snoitulos gnitaerc nihtiw sevlesmeht enif selcitrap fo latem .sdnuopmoc lacigoloib-noN UFPs htiw sezis no eht emas redro as esoht fo sllec ro cipocsorcim seidob nihtiw sllec era detcepxe ot tcaretni htiw cipocsorcim lacigoloib seidob ni syaw taht era as tey .nwonkmL 1 ELECTRONMICROSCOPYSTUDIES OF ULTRA-FINE PARTICLES NOITCUDORTNI yRb( yozi Uyeda) nI snoitceS 1.1 ot f1.5 o siht ,retpahc eht ygolodohtem fo eht cisaB lairetaM ytreporP puorG si .deweiver morF noitceS 1.6 ot eht dne fo siht ,retpahc eht stnemeveihca fo eht hcraeser era .detneserp ehT mret lairetam“ ”seitreporp yllamron srefer ot ,lacirtcele ,lamreht ,lacitpo dna rehto .seitreporp ,suhT eht noisulcni fo nortcele ypocsorcim ni eht eltit yam etaerc a egnarts noisserpmi ta .tsrif ,revewoH as eht lanigiro rezinagro fo siht ,puorg as llew as S. amijiI ohw dedeeccus ,em ruo gniniart ni eht aera fo yhpargollatsyrc deyalp na tnatropmi elor esuaceb nortcele ypocsorcim si a yek dohtem rof gnizylana UFPs. yhpargollatsyrC si denrecnoc htiw eht erutcurts fo slatsyrc cimota( ,)stnemegnarra ecittal ,stcefed ,ygolohprom serutcurts ,)serutxet( s dina eht sisab fo slairetam .hcraeser ynA tnemerusaem fo seitreporp seriuqer troppus morf .yhpargollatsyrc semitemoS yhpargollatsyrc nac dael ot a wen gnidnatsrednu fo eht seitreporp fo slairetam dna ot wen .seigolonhcet ehT evitcejbo fo siht retpahc si ot ecudortni ruo nortcele ypocsorcim seiduts fo UFPs. Our puorg was demrof morf hctarcs rof eht tneserp ,tcejorp tub sah a gnol yrotsih gnitad kcab ot eht 1940s. sihT rohtua used nortcele noitcarffid ot yduts eht laixatipe htworg msinahcem fo detaropave .smlif ehT tpmetta deliaf ni sti niam ,evitcejbo tub derevocsid eht dellac-os dnalsi erutcurts ta eht ylrae egats fo detaropave mlif noitamrof [ 11. ehT dnalsi was deedni a UFP ni s’yadot ;ygolonimret suht eht s’rohtua iil ot UFPs, tiebla 4 Electron Microscopy Studies ,suoicsnocbus was a gnol .eno rehtonA knil was eht yduts fo cniz kcalb gnirud dlroW raW .II sihT was enod ni noitcnujnoc htiw eht tnempoleved fo na RI rotceted rof gnikees-taeh .sbmob Zinc kcalb was neht nwonk ot eb eht tseb RI rebrosba dna ti dluoc eb decudorp yb gnitaropave cniz ni a decuder negortin .erehpsomta tI was deiduts gnisu nortcele noitca?Ifid dna hcraeser demrifnoc taht cniz kcalb selcitrap erew UFPs fo cillatem .cniz riehT sretemaid nac eb tpek rednu 10 mn gnidneped no eht noitaropave .snoitidnoc sihT krow deniamer ,dehsilbupnu tub was eht tsrif esenapaJ krow no UFPs. nI 1962, obueKht yroeht was dehsilbup [2]. ehT rohtua was deripsni yb eht yroeht dna demuser eht yduts fo cillatem UFPs edam yb eht noitaropave ,dohtem gnillacer eht cniz kcalb .hcraeser yB siht ,emit nortcele ypocsorcim emaceb .elbaliava ehT ytuaeb fo UFP slatsyrc gnitaniscawasf hcraes edrna detartnecnoc no eht ygolohprom fo detecaf-itlum slatsyrc [3]. tA eht noitseggus fo N. adaW ayogaN( ,)ytisrevinU ohw was detseretni ni lairetam seitreporp rehtar naht ,yhpargollatsyrc nortcele shpargorcim fo citengamorref UFPs erew detneserp eh tta tsrif ayaK ecnerefnoC ni 1963. esehT era decudorper ni serugiF 1 dna 2 dna tneserper nori selcitrap edam ni na nogra erehpsomta (30 )rrot dna sgnirts fo tlaboc UFPs dleh rehtegot yb n misitengamorref a citengam ,dleif .ylevitcepser esehT detcartta eht noitnetta fo srehcraeser gnitagitsevni .msitengamorref htiW eht noitarepooc fo .A ikasaT oykoT( ,ytisrevinU won ta abukusT ,)ytisrevinU na elacs-lairtsudni tnempoleved fo ecnamrofrep-hgih citengam gnidrocer sepat was enod (197 -l 1977) rednu eht pihsrosnops e hfto tnempoleve hDcraeseR noitaroproC fo .napaJ sihT margorp did ton deeccus ,yllaicremmoc tub d itdi etubirtnoc tnatropmi seulc taht detsissa retal hcraeser dna tnempoleved .smargorp nehW eht tnerruc tcejorp ,detrats Dr. S. ,amijiI ohw dah neeb ni eht U.S. rof revo net ,sraey was deksa ot nruter ot napaJ ot nioj siht .tcejorp Dr. amijiI dah deniatbo a etarotcod rednu eht ecnadiug fo rosseforP .T ibiH noitatnemurtsnI( hcraeseR ,etutitsnI ukohoT )ytisrevinU dna neht tnew ot eht U.S. ot egagne ni noituloser-hgih nortcele ypocsorcim hcraeser rednu rosseforP J. yelwoC ytisrevinU( Ultra-Fine Particles erugiF 1. ehT epahs fo hcae elcitrap sdnopserroc ot eht dedis-al dnomaid erutcurts nwohs no eht .thgir ehT selcitrap detacidni yb ,A ,B n dCina eht hpargotohp dnopserroc ot eht ,)ool( (1 ,)ol dna (111) snoitcejorp nwohs no eht .thgir erugiF 2. ehT selcitrap ngila ni sniahc as a tluser fo rieht gnorts .msitengam ehT sniahc ngila ni eht emas noitcerid eud ot eht stceffe fo na lanretxe citengam .dleif 6 Electron Microscopy Studies fo .)anozirA erehT eh deveihca ssalc-dlrow stnemhsilpmocca taht thguorb mih eht nelloW ezirP ni .yhpargollatsyrc ehT success fo ruo puorg sewo hcum ot sih msaisuhtne dna gnidnatstuo latnemirepxe .euqinhcet roF us, ti si etairporppa ot use eht mret UFP esuaceb we enimaxe laudividni selcitrap yb gnisu nortcele .ypocsorcim nI ynam hcraeser dna tnempoleved ,stcejorp ,revewoh setaremolgga fo UFPs era used. nI redwop ygolonhcet [4], hcihw gno salah ,noitidart smret hcus as enif sredwop dna eni afrtlu sredwop era used. ehT mret -artlu enif sredwop lliw eb used ni siht .retpahc ehT rohtua nageb htiw na dlo .yrots rehtehW ro ton hcus a lacirotsih noitpircsed was lufesu ot siht tcejorp sniamer ot eb .nees I ma lufetarg taht I was elba ot krow htiw hcus na citsaisuhtne puorg rof eht tsap evif sraey etipsed ym decnavda ega [5]. References 1. ,adeyU ,.R .corP .syhP .htaM .toS ,.npJ 24, 809 (1942). 2. ,obuK ,.R Solid State Phys., UFP ,eussi p. 4, engA .rgnE retneC (1984). 3. ,adeyU ,.R Parity, 2,4-24 (1987). 4. ,obniJ M., Science of Powders, ,ahsnaduoK p. 40 (1985). 5. ,adeyU ,R Studies of Ultra-Fine Particles in Japan, Progress of Materials Science: .lov 35, .on pp. 1, 59-l (1991).

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