Ukrasni motivi na stećcima

374 Pages·1965·17.187 MB·Croatian

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BIBLIOTEKA
KULTURNO
NASLJEĐE
Redakeioni odbor
ll.'\S.'l.N GR_,,,_PC."'-..-..,OV1C, JELENA
CE,H[Ć, ,) Lill.AJ :i><AJDHAil'I'
1 l1USREF liEDZIC
lJredn1Jc
J~.LENA ĆEHIC
ci·1e;_;
lv!ARI,"->< \VENZEL
Ncislo>·1:u ' I>. i 7. strana
.TURAJ NAJDHART
Geog1·afske karte
DL:RO B."'-ZLER
p,·<o·-·oct 11a srpskohrvutski
N;\DA rvrILETIC
za izda<.raCa
.\!Jl\1E1' HROI\1ADZić
Tehnićki ur~dnL'<
.\HJl,lf;D ::11UHc\;.JEDAGIC
!{orekto1·
D liS."'-l\-h.A S'J-."'-ROVIC
Izdavać
>•VESELlN ?v1."'-SL~~:'iA••
s.\R."'-JEV O
1900.
MARIAN WENZEL
UKRASNI MOTIVI NA STEĆCIMA
ORNAMENTAL MOTIFS ON TOMBSTONES
FROM MEDIEVAL BOSNIA
AND
SURROUNDING REGIONS
Namjena ove knjige je da učini pristupač­ The purpose of this book is to make ac
nim opsežni materijal koji se odnosi na mo cessible a large body of material concerning
tive sa srednjovjekovnih nadgrobnih spome motifs found on the fourteenth and fifteenth
nika Bosne, Hercegovine i susjednih oblasti. century tombstones of Bosnia, Hercegovina
Veliki dio ovoga materijala nije bio ranije and adjoining regions, most of which were at
publikovan. On se ovdje prvi put sistematski one time included in the medieval kingdom
of Bosnia. Much of this material has not been
objavljuje, što će, nadamo se, biti od koristi
previously published. It is here presented for
stručnjacima i istraživačima.
the first time in a systematic manner, which
Table su tako koncipirane da se polazi od it is hoped will be of use to scholars and
jednostavnih motiva do onih najsloženijih, i research students.
od najjednostavnijih varijanata svakog mo The arrangement of the plates proceeds
tiva do onih najsloženijih, i to uvijek kada je from the simplest motifs to the most compli
bilo moguće održati ovaj princip. Ovaj pore cated, and from the simplest variations of
dak nije sproveden samo u slučaju tehničkih each motif to the most complicated, insofar
smetnji. To znači da će neke degenerisane va as it has been possible to preserve this order.
rijante biti ponegdje stavljene ispred slože This order has been abandoned only in cases
nije varijante od koje potiču. S druge strane, of technical impossibility. Thus the material
najsloženije kompozicije ukrasa obično potiču is arranged in order of increasing complexity.
od nekoliko jednostavnih motiva koji su kom This means that certain degenerate variations
will, upon occasion, be placed before variations
binirani u jednu cjelinu. Ovi jednostavni mo
of increased complexity from which they
tivi čine »alfabet« ukrasa nadgrobnih spome
derive. On the other hand, the more compli
nika u ovim krajevima. Moram napomenuti
cated compositions usually derive from a
da je stvarni repertoar ukrasnih motiva na
number of relatively simple motifs, which
stećcima ipak ograničen. have been combined together. These simple
Svaki motiv dat je na jednoj od karti geo motifs provide the »alphabet« of tombstone
grafske rasprostranjenosti motiva. Varijante decoration in this area. It will be seen that
se nalaze na popratnim tablama. U slučaju the actual repertoire of motifs is limited.
da se varijante gotovo ponavljaju, dat je cr Each motif is represented on a distribu
tež samo jedne takve varijante, dok su dru tion map. The variations will be found on the
ge naznačene u Registru table, ispod podatka accompanying plates. In cases where the var
o ilustrovanoj varijanti. Gdje god je bilo mo iations are closely repeated, only one such
variation is illustrated, and others are noted
guće, za ilustraciju su odabrane nepublikova
in the Plate Register beneath the entry of the
ne predstave. Čitalac može da poveže table
illustrated variant. Wherever possible, un
sa kartama pomoću Registra tabli. Lokacija
published representations have been selected
svakog prikazanog spomenika navedena je u for illustration. The reader may connect the
li
UVOD / PREFACE
Registru tabli prema imenu najbližeg sela, plates with the maps by means of the Plate
nazivu lokaliteta (ako je poznat), koji je dat Register. The location of each illustrated mon
pod navodnicima, i nazivu najbližeg većeg ument is cited in the Plate Register accord
mjesta. Karta većih mjesta upotrijebljenih ing to the name of the nearest village, the
name of the particular site, if known, which
kao reper prati svaku kartu rasprostranje
is presented in quotation marks, and the
nosti.
name of the nearest large town, which last
Svaka grupa tabli koja prikazuje jedan names is found with each distribution map.
motiv propraćena je kratkim komentarom u A variation in this arrangement, which
tekstu. Ne smatramo da ovi komentari treba needs some explanation, is the case of Zije
da pruže konačnu sintezu ovoga materijala, mlje polje. The word »polje« means »plain«.
pa ćemo se osvrnuti na neka osnovna pitanja. Zijemlje polje, east of Mostar, isa mountain
ous valley which serves as an area for sum
Tako se samo o malom dijelu ove knjige po
mer pasture. For the greater part, it does not
sebno raspravlja u tekstu.
contain villages in the sense of permanent,
Da bi se d0bio tačan pregled učestalosti year-round places of habitation. Thus the
određenog motiva, svaka ploha nadgrobnog names of sites in Zijemlje polje are given in
spomenika tretirana je posebno. Ako se dvije quotation marks following the term, »Zije
predstave jednog motiva javljaju na različi­ mlje polje«, rather than following the name
tim stranama istog spomenika one su treti of any specific village. A map of large towns
rane odvojeno. Ako se dvije strane istog spo which are used as references, and which in
menika javljaju na istoj tabli, to je naznačeno cludes Zijemlje polje, precedes each distribu
u Registru tabli. Indeks na kraju knjige omo tion map.
Each group of plates dealing with one
gućuje čitaocu da nađe sve ukrase koji se jav
motif is represented by a short commentary
ljaju na pojedinom lokalitetu. Indeks je dat
in the text. It is not intended that these com
prema nazivu sela.
mentaries should offer a conclusive summary
Pri sastavljanju tabli ove knjige uzeto je of the material, and only certain elements
u obzir više od 3.000 ukrašenih spomenika. will be touched upon. Thus only a small pro
Ovim brojem nisu obuhvaćeni svi ukrašeni portion of the illustrations of this book are
spomenici. Svaki savjestan istraživač će mož individually discussed in the text.
da otkrfri i neke nove ukrašene spomenike. In order to construct an accurate survey
Ovaj broj obuhvata, u stvari, sve ukrašene of the repetition of motifs, each plane of the
tombstone is treated separately. Should two
spomenike koji su objavljeni (ukoliko posto
representations of the same motif appear on
je njihove ilustracije), zatim sve spomenike
different planes of the same stone, they are
koje je autor lično proučio, te spomenike koji given independently. If two sides of the same
se nalaze u nekim značajnijim zbirkama ne stone are represented on a single plate, this
publikovanog materijala. Ovaj materijal je
fact is noted in the Plate Register. An index
dalje proširen podacima dobivenim od broj enables the reader to locate all decoration
nih kolega, koji su autoru stavili na raspola appearing at an individua! site. The index is
ganje rezultate svojih ličnih istraživanja. arranged according to village names.
Vjerujemo da sadržaj ove knjige obuhvata While compiling the plates of this book,
bar tri četvrtine svih ukrašenih nadgrobnih over 3,000 decorated monuments were taken
spomenika u oblastima o kojima se ovdje go under consideration. This number does not
vori. Nije vjerovatno da je ostalo još mnogo represent all decorated monuments which
novih motiva na ukrašenim stećcima. exist. Any serious investigator will be likely
to locate additional monuments. The number
Nadgrobne spomenike kojima se bavi ova
does represent all decorated monuments pre
knjiga obično nazivaju »stećci« (jednina »ste viously in publication, of which an illustra
ćak«). Riječ »stećak« su, prema D. Sergejev tion is available, all monuments personally
skom, u početku upotrebljavali seljaci u Her examined by the author, and further mon
cegovini za visoko, uspravno kamenje, za ra uments represented in certain important col
zliku od nižih ploča. Etimologija izraza oprav- lections of unpublished material. This ma-
12
UVOD / PREFACE
<lava ovo usko značenje. Međutim, izraz terial has been augmented through the gen
»stećak« je zapravo godinama bio upotreblja erous contribution of numerous colleagues,
van kao opšti naziv za sve nadgrobne spome who have offered the unpublished results of
nike, različitih dimenzija i izrade, čija pojava their own researches into the field. It is
believed that the contents of this book re
u Bosni i Hercegovini unutar relativno krat
present at least three-fourths of all decorat
kog vremenskog raspona čini jedinstven fe ed tombstones in the areas under considera
nomen. U ovom djelu izraz »stećak« biće upo tion. It does not seem likely that new motifs
trebljavan u širem smislu, bez obzira na eti
yet remain to be discovered.
mologiju. The tombstones with which this book
Potrebno je ovdje objasniti još neke stva deals are commonly called »stećci«, singular
ri. Izvjesni spomenici, zbog svog oblika, na »stećak«. The word »stećak« was originally
zivani su u literaturi »sanduk« ili »U obliku used, according to D. Sergejevski, by peasants
sanduka«, drugi »U obliku sarkofaga«. Ovi in Hercegovina to describe tall, standing
opisi su pogrešni jer su dotični spomenici stones, as distinct from slabs. The etymology
masivni blokovi, a ne šuplje nadgrobno ka of the term justifies this restricted use. How
menje. Na žalost, ne postoji zaista adekvat ever, the term »stećak« has in fact been
used for many years as a common term for
na zamjena za izraze »sanduk« i »U obliku
all tombstones, of varied size and elabora
sanduka«, pa su oni ovdje zadržani. Naziv
tion, whose appearance in Bosnia and Her
»sarkofag«, upotrijebljen za stećke koji su cegovina within a relatively narrow space
pri vrhu završeni u vidu krova, pogotovo je
of time forms a single phenomenon. In this
pogrešan, i ja sam radije upotrijebila srpsko work the term »stećak« will be used in its
hrvatsku riječ »sljemenjak«, koja znači »za broad sense, etymology notwithstanding.
vršen u vidu zabata« i koja ne izaziva po There are one or two other points which
grešne asocijacije. U Registru tabli svuda će need explanation here. Some of the stones,
biti upotrijebljene skraćenice srpskohrvatskih because of their shape, have been referred
naziva. Objašnjenja ovih izraza nalaze se na to as »chest« or »chest-shaped« stones, others
str. 429. as »sarcophagus-shaped« stones. These de
scriptions may be misleading, as the stones in
U ovoj knjizi obrađeni su samo ukrašeni
question are solid blocks, and not hollowed
spomenici. Ovdje treba primijetiti da danas
tombs. Unfortunately, there is no really ade
ukupno ima oko 50.000 neukrašenih spome
quate substitute for the term »chest« or
nika, tako da je potpuna analiza nadgrobnih
>;chest-shaped«, and so it has been preserved
spomenika posao budućnosti. Još nešto treba here. But the term »sarcophagus« as applied
ovdje napomenuti. Istraživanje na ovom po to peak-topped stećci is particularly mislead
lju bilo je često opterećeno hipotezama koje ing, and I have preferred to use the serbo
su podrazumijevale jedinstvena porijeklo croatian word, »Sljemenjak«, which means
svih stećaka i svih ukrasa na njima, što je do »peak-topped«, and which is free from mis
velo do jednostavnog izbora materijala i iz leading associations. In the Plate Register, ab
vrtanja činjenica. Mora se, prema tome, na breviation of the serbo-croation terms will
glasiti da riječ »stećak« nema nikakvog eti be emplozed throughout. An explanatory list
ološkog prizvuka. To je samo pogodan terl!lin of these terms will be found on page 429.
za veliki broj objekata koji čine jednu cjeli In this book only decorated monuments
nu i koji mogu ali ne moraju imati zajedničko are discussed. It should be noticed here that
the total number of undecorated stones is
porijeklo. Ono što je u pogledu stećaka ubje
today around 50,000, so a complete analysis
dljivo dokazana jest to da ukrasni moHvTna
of tombstone shapes is very much a task for
njima nemaju zajedničko porijeklo. the future. One other point may be mentioned.
Da bismo pomogli čitaocu da se snađe, iz Research in this field has been impeded
nijećemo kratko objašnjenje o onome što je by speculations which assume a common ori
poznato o datiranju ukrašenih stećaka. Prvi gin for all stećci and all the decorations upon
ukrašeni nadgrobni spomenik, jasno datiran them, and which have led to a quite absurd
natpisom, bio je postavljen oko 1391 g. (T. selection and distortion of evidence. It must
I"
.)
UVOD/ PREFACE
XIV, 16). Spomenik ima oblik sanduka. Ukras be stressed, therefore, that the word »stećak«
na n]emu je izveden u obliku jednostavnih has no aetiological connotations. It is merely
arkada. Sljedeći jednostavni geometrijski a convenient term for a large number of ob
ukras u obliku vertikalnih tordiranih traka jects which form the kind of unity described
nalazi se na užim stranama sljemenjaka da above, and which may or may not have a
tiranog oko 1400 g. (T. I, 9). Na sljemenjaku
common origin. One thing concerning stećci
sa monolitnim postoljem datiranom oko 1404.
that has been proved quite conclusivajy is
prikazana je heraldička predstava sa životi that their decorative motifs do not have a
njom (T. LXIII, 30), tri rozete (T. XXXVII,
common origin.
40) i tordirana traka na rubovima postolja.
Uski spomenik u vidu sanduka visok, otpri In order to orientate the reader, a brief
like, dva metra ima drukčiji tip arkada i da explanation is given here of what is known
tiran je između 1413. i 1435 g. (T. XIX, 5). of the dating of decorated stećci. The first
Sljemenjak sa konfrontiranim konjanicima je decorated tombstone clearly dated by inscrip
tion was erected circa 1391. (Pl. XIV, 16) The
otprilike jednako datiran (T. CIII, 11). Dvije
stone is chest-shaped. The decoration takes
ploče sa rukama, mačevima i štitovima dati
the form of simple arcades. Further simple,
rane su u 1460. i 1472 g. (T. LXII, 14, T.
geometric decoration in the form of vertical
LXXVII, 11). Spomenik u vidu sanduka,
bands of twisted rope is on the ends of a
ukrašen kolom, životinjama, lovom na jelene
sljemenjak dated circa 1400. (Pl. I, 9) A slje
i štitom sa jednom trakom, datiranje 1477 g. menjak with monolithic base dated circa 1404
(T. LXVII, 13, T. LXXVI, 6, T. ex, 12, T. displays a heraldic beast (Pl. LXIII, 30), three
XCV, 16). Stela sa šiljastim vrhom (nišan), rosettes (Pl. XXXVII, 40), and a band of twi
ukrašena krstom u obliku slova T (tau - sted rope bordering the base. A narrow,
--- krst), datirana je negdje između 1468. i chest-shaped stone roughly two meters in
1535 (T. XXXIV, 20). Samo na dva od na height bears a different type of arcade, and
brojanih nadgrobnih spomenika je stvarno is dated between 1413 and 1435. (Pl. XIX, 5)
ispisana i godina. Ostali su datirani pomoću A sljemenjak with two opposing horsemen is
poznatih istorijskih ličnosti spomenutih u similarly dated. (Pl. CIII, II) Two slabs with
hands, swords and shields are dated 1460 and
natpisima.
1472. (Pl. LXII, 14, Pl. LXXVII, 11) A chest
Može se, dakle, uočiti da ukrašeni stećci, shaped stone, decorated with a dance, ani
ukoliko su tačno datirani, padaju u razdoblje mals, pursuit of deer and a shield with a sin
koje se, u izvjesnim dijelovima svijeta, u kul gle bend, is dated 1477. (Pl. LXVII, 13, Pl.
turnom pogledu ne bi više smatralo srednjim LXXVI, 6, Pl. CX, 12, Pl. XCV, 16) A stele
vijekom. Pa ipak, nije pogrešno smatrati ih with pointed top, decorated with a tau cross,
srednjovjekovnim nadgrobnim spomenicima. is dated somewhere between 1468 and 1535.
Oni su, po svemu, nedvosmislen produkt kul (Pl. XXXIV, 20) Two of the tombstones men
turne atmosfere srednjega vijeka, koja je do tioned in this list actually bear dates. The
živjela kasni procvat u Bosni i Hercegovini others are dated by identifiable historical
zahvaljujući izvjesnim političkim i ekonom personages mentioned in the inscriptions.
skim razlozima. Oni su i stilski i koncepciono One may remark that the decorated stećci,
insofar as they are precisely dated, fall with
tuđi duhu renesanse, koja je jedva prodrla
in a period which, culturally, in certain parts
u Bosnu.
of the world, would no longer be considered
Ukrašeni stećci pojavljuju se u dosta krat as the Middle Ages. They will be seen to be
kom vremenskom razdoblju. Bio je to pre
a clear product of the cultural atmosphere
lomni istorijski period. Nastao je nakon ko of the Middle Ages, which came to a late
sovske bitke i pada Srbije pod Turke, nasta flowering in Bosnia and Hercegovina due to
vio se u kratkom usponu Bosne kao nezavisne certain poli tical and economic reasons. They
kraljevine i završio u prvim godinama nakon are both stylistically and conceptually alien
turskog osvajanja Bosne. Samo neki oblici to the atmosphere of the Renaissance, which
nadgrobnih spomenika, kao što su krstovi i had hardly percolated to Bosnia before the
stele, žive još dugo u tursko doba. Izgleda da blanket conquest of the Turks.
L/
UVOD / PREFACE
su najstarije ukrašene nadgrobne spomenike The decorated stećci appear as a pheno
podigli članovi feudalne vlastele i da je taj menon within a relatively narrow range of
običaj prihvatilo i ukrase dalje razradila sta time. This was a crucial historical period. It
novništvo poznato pod nazivom »vlasi«, koje began after the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 and
the fall of Serbia to the Turks, spanned the
je bilo organizovano na plemenskoj, nefeu
short emergance of Bosnia as an independent
dalnoj osnovi. Vrlo je vjerovatno da su i os
kingdom, and finished in the earl ier years
tali stanovnici Bosne i Hercegovine usvojili
after the Turkish conquest of Bosnia. Only a
ovaj običaj zbog podražavanja feudalne gos few shapes of tombstones, such as crosses and
pode.1
steles, carry on well into the Turkish times.
Smatram da na ovom mjestu treba da iz
It would seem that the earliest decorated
nesem i neka svoja opšta gledišta u vezi s tombstones were erected by members of a
ukrašenim stećcima. Po mom mišljenju, iko feudal aristocracy, and that the custom was
nografija stećaka ima pravu hrišćansku osno later adopted and the decoration much ela
vu, protkanu izvjesnim klasičnim ikonograf borated by certain groups known as Vlachs,
skim rješenjima. who were organized on a tribal, non-feudal
U nekim slučajevima ove kombinacije basis. The Vlachs, having been economically
mogu biti vezane za paganske spomenike iz strengthened as a consequence of their deal
tih oblasti, a u drugim mogu predstavljati ings with the Dubrovnik traders, adopted this
custom in imitation of the upper classes. It
sjećanja na nekadašnje rituale u istim kra
is quite likely that other, non-Vlach inhabit
jevima. Ja smatram da je većina ukrasa na
ants of Bosnia and Hercegovina adopted the
stećcima ritualnog karaktera i da im je svrha same custom for the same reason.1
da posluže pokojniku u zagrobnom životu.
It is proper that the author should here
Poslije dugih razmatranja, moram priznati,
declare her own general views concerning
nisam otkrila ništa što bi bilo isključivo ili stećci. These are, that the iconography of the
ubjedljivo vezano za bilo koju heretičku reli stećci has a sound, Christian foundation, tem
giju ili vjerovanje. pered by certain classical, iconographical ar
rangements. Such arrangements may be in
some cases related to pagan monuments ob
served in the region, and in other cases to be
ritual remembrances surviving in the same
areas. I believe many decorations to be ri
tualistic, designed to assist the wellbeing of
the deceased in the Afterlife. After lengthy
consideration, I must admit that I have found
nothing exclusively or conclusively related
to any known, heretica! religion or belief.
1 M. Wenzel, Bosnian and Herzegovinian tomb
1 M. Wenzel, Bosnian and Herzegovinian tomb stones - who made them and why, Siidost -
stones - who made them and why, Siidost - Forschungen XXI, Miinchen 1962, pp. 102 - 143,
Forschungen XXI, Miinchen, 1962, pp. 102 - 143; u gives the evidence leading to these conclusions. rt
ovom članku se daju dokazi za takve zaključke. To is not implied that the Vlachs exclusively decor
ne znači da su samo Vlasi dekorisali stećke, ali se ated stećci, but that in their hands the ornamenta
u njihovim rukama ornamentika znatno obogatila. tion was considerably enriched.
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