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UK Drugs Unlimited: New Research and Policy Lessons on Illicit Drug Use PDF

199 Pages·2001·1.169 MB·English
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UK Drugs Unlimited New Research and Policy Lessons on Illicit Drug Use Edited by Howard Parker, Judith Aldridge and Roy Egginton UK Drugs Unlimited Also by Howard Parker DANCING ON DRUGS: Health Risk and Hedonism in the British Clubscene (with Judith Aldridge and Fiona Measham) HIDDEN HEROIN USERS: Young People’s Unchallenged Journeys to Problematic Drug Use (with Roy Egginton) ILLEGAL LEISURE: The Normalization of Adolescent Recreational Drug Use (with Judith Aldridge and Fiona Measham) NEW HEROIN OUTBREAKS AMONGST YOUNG PEOPLE IN ENGLAND AND WALES (with Roy Egginton and C. Bury) Also by Judith Aldridge DANCING ON DRUGS: Health Risk and Hedonism in the British Clubscene (with Howard Parker and Fiona Measham) ILLEGAL LEISURE: The Normalization of Adolescent Recreational Drug Use (with Howard Parker and Fiona Measham) Also by Roy Egginton HIDDEN HEROIN USERS: Young People’s Unchallenged Journeys to Problematic Drug Use (with Howard Parker) NEW HEROIN OUTBREAKS AMONGST YOUNG PEOPLE IN ENGLAND AND WALES (with Howard Parker and C. Bury) UK Drugs Unlimited New Research and Policy Lessons on Illicit Drug Use Edited by Howard Parker Professor and Director of SPARC University of Manchester Judith Aldridge Lecturer in Criminology and Social Policy University of Manchester and Roy Egginton Research Associate SPARC University of Manchester Editorial matter,selection and Chapters 3 and 8 © Howard Parker, Judith Aldridge and Roy Egginton 2001 Chapters 1 and 2 © Howard Parker 2001 Chapter 4 © Jon Breeze,Judith Aldridge and Howard Parker 2001 Chapter 5 © Fiona Measham,Judith Aldridge and Howard Parker 2001 Chapter 6 © Howard Parker,Roy Egginton and Nicola Elson 2001 Chapter 7 © Kevin Brain,Howard Parker and Tim Bottomley 2001 All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court Road,London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVEis the new global academic imprint of St.Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-42352-1 ISBN 978-1-4039-1986-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403919861 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data UK drugs unlimited :new research and policy lessons on illicit drug use / edited by Howard Parker,Judith Aldridge, and Roy Egginton. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1.Drug abuse—Great Britain.2.Youth—Drug use—Great Britain.I.Parker,Howard J.II.Aldridge,Judith,1963– III.Egginton,Roy. HV5840.G7 I555 2000 362.29’0941—dc21 00–066924 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 Contents List of tables viii List of figures x Acknowledgements xi Notes on the contributors xii Glossary xiv Introduction xv 1 Unbelievable? The UK’s Drugs Present 1 Howard Parker Purpose 1 The comparative picture 2 The UK’s first heroin ‘cycle’ 4 The 1990s and the normalisation of recreational drug use 8 Waging war on drugs together 10 New Labour’s drugs strategy (1998–2008) 10 Conclusion 12 2 Unenforceable? How Young Britons Obtain Their Drugs 14 Howard Parker Purpose 14 Strong supply and availability 15 Methods 16 Adolescent recreational drug users 18 The dance club–dance drug scene 24 Dependent on drugs, dependent on dealers 25 Conclusions 27 3 Unconventional? Adolescent Drug Triers and Users in England 31 Roy Egginton, Judith Aldridge and Howard Parker Purpose 31 Introduction 32 Method 32 Alcohol and tobacco use 33 v vi Contents Young people’s access to drugs 34 Trying illicit drugs 35 Past month use 39 Distinguishing drug triers from users 41 Regular drug use 44 Comparing age cohorts 46 Unconventional? Risk and deviance factor analysis 46 Conclusion 48 4 Unpreventable? How Young People Make and Remake Drug Taking Decisions 51 Jon Breeze, Judith Aldridge and Howard Parker Purpose 51 Introduction: drugwise youth 52 The qualitative methods 55 New social rites 57 Abstainers’ journeys 59 Drug triers 63 Becoming drug users 71 Becoming a problem drug user 76 Conclusion 78 5 Unstoppable? Dance Drug Use in the UK Club Scene 80 Fiona Measham, Judith Aldridge and Howard Parker Purpose 80 The going out, time out population 81 Profiles of the clubbing population 81 The nightclub fieldwork 83 The clubbers’ nights out 86 The cost of clubbing 89 Pathways to regular dance drug use 92 Discussion 93 6 Unreachable? The New Young Heroin Users 98 Howard Parker, Roy Egginton and Nicola Elson Purpose 98 Introduction 99 Attempting to monitor new heroin spread 99 Accessing ‘hidden’ young heroin users 101 Demographic characteristics of the young heroin users 103 The social exclusion, ‘at risk’ measures 103 Contents vii Smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol and trying and use of illicit drugs 106 Damaged childhoods and adolescence? 108 Heroin careers: initiation, evolution and current use status 109 The consequences and costs of heroin dependency 111 Problems with personal health 117 Reaching out and early interventions 123 Conclusion 126 7 Untreatable? Hidden Crack Cocaine and Poly Drug Users 128 Kevin Brain, Howard Parker and Tim Bottomley Purpose 128 Crack cocaine prevalence in the UK 129 Challenging methods 130 Evolving crack careers 131 Rock repertoires, drug bills and drug crime connections 136 Contemplating and affecting ‘reform’ 140 New recruits and new crack careers – continuity and change 143 New pathways into crack cocaine careers 146 Discussion 147 8 Unpredictable? Britain’s Drugs Futures 150 Howard Parker, Judith Aldridge and Roy Egginton Purpose 150 The forces of conservatism 151 The fate of UK drugs strategy 153 The missing elements 162 Institutionalised dishonesty 164 Monitoring and managing UK drugs more effectively 165 Bibliography 171 Index 178 List of Tables 3.1 Northern regions longitudinal study: sampling overview 33 3.2 Alcohol and tobacco use across adolescence 34 3.3 Access to drugs by age cohort, 1996–98 36 3.4 Lifetime trying of at least one drug by age cohort and region 1996–98 38 3.5 Individual drugs tried or used by age cohort 1996–98 40 3.6 Past month prevalence for at least one drug by age cohort 1996–98 41 3.7 Drugs trying compared to ‘potential’ and ‘regular’ drug use by age cohort 1996–98 43 3.8 Thirteen year olds (year 8) in 1996 and 1998: comparative drugs exposure 46 4.1 Interview cohort: sumary of drugs status 14–17 years 56 5.1 Demographic characteristics of the clubbers 87 5.2 Had (or planning to); drug taking on fieldwork night 88 5.3 ‘Recovery’ after clubbing drug use 90 5.4 Prevalence of selected drugs 92 5.5 Drugs careers: number of years since first taking the main illicit drugs 93 6.1 Outline of fieldwork 102 6.2 Drugs tried, last time used and mean age when first tried for young heroin users 107 6.3 Current use status among young heroin users 112 6.4 Self reported health problems arising from heroin use 117 6.5 Dependency and anxiety by length of heroin use 120 6.6 Expenditure on heroin and other illicit drugs in the last seven days by Site 122 6.7 Contact with local services by length of heroin use 124 7.1 Employment and benefit status 132 7.2 Alcohol use in 1995 and 1997 132 7.3 Drug use patterns and pathways since 1995 135 7.4 Total drugs bill over six month period 1995 and 1997 137 7.5 All funding strategies of illegal drug use 1995 and 1997 138 7.6 Main sources of funding illegal drugs bills 1995 and 1997 139 viii List of Tables ix 7.7 Length of time of crack use and crack pathways 142 7.8 Pre-cocaine drugs histories of new user and original cohort compared 144 7.9 The rock repertoire: taking other drugs alongside crack 145

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