UICC Manual of Clinical Oncology

852 Pages·2015·11 MB·English

by  Brian O’Sullivan

International Union Against Cancer
Manual of
Clinical Oncology
UICC Manual
of Clinical
Oncology
NINTH EDITION
EDITORS
Brian O’Sullivan
(Editor in Chief)
MD, FRCPC, FRCPI, FFRRCSI (Hon), FASTRO
Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology
Bartley-Smith / Wharton Chair in Radiation Oncology, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre / University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
James D. Brierley
BSc, MB, FRCP, FRCR, FRCP(C)
Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre / University of Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Anil K. D’Cruz
MS, DNB, FRCS
Director, Tata Memorial Hospital, Professor, Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Mumbai, India
Martin F. Fey
Dr med.
Professor, Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital and University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
Raphael Pollock
MD, PhD
Professor, Department of Surgery, Director of the Division of Surgical Oncology, Chief of Surgical Services
The James NCICCC / Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Jan B. Vermorken
MD, PhD
Emeritus Professor, University of Antwerp; Consultant, Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital,
Edegem, Belgium
Shao Hui Huang
(Editorial Coordinator)
MD, MSc, MRT(T)
Assistant Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology,
The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre / University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
This edition fi rst published 2015 © 2015 by UICC. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
UICC manual of clinical oncology / editors, Brian O’Sullivan, editor in chief; James Brierley [and fi ve others]. —
Ninth edition.
p. ; cm.
Manual of clinical oncology
Preceeded by UICC manual of clinical oncology / editor, Raphael E. Pollock. 8th ed. 2004.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4443-3244-5 (cloth)
I. O’Sullivan, Brian, 1952– , editor. II. Brierley, James, editor. III. International Union against Cancer,
issuing body. IV. Title: Manual of clinical oncology.
[DNLM: 1. Neoplasms—Handbooks. QZ 39]
RC262.5
616.99'4—dc23
2015021962
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in
print may not be available in electronic books.
Cover image: Photo of banner © UICC.
Set in 9pt/12pt Frutiger Light by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India
1 2015
Dedication
This Manual is dedicated to Leslie H. Sobin MD, an internationally renowned
pathologist and previous long-term Chair of the UICC TNM Prognostic Factor
Committee. Les, as he is known to colleagues all over the world, has devoted
most of his career to promoting multidisciplinary cancer control in a truly global
manner.
Contents
Foreword x 11 – Principles of systemic therapy 124
Preface xi
About the Editors xiii Special settings, supportive care and
survivorship
Contributors xvi
12 – Treatment in pregnancy 134
PART 1 General principles of cancer
diagnosis and management 1
13 – Treatment in the elderly 139
Principles of knowledge generation and
14 – Oncology emergencies 145
translation
1 – Cancer epidemiology 3
15 – Supportive care during curative
treatment 155
2 – Levels of evidence, guidelines and
standards 12
16 – Pain management in cancer 168
3 – Prognosis and classifi cation 17 – Palliative care 174
of cancer 23
18 – Survivorship 184
4 – Principles of cancer staging 34
19 – Rehabilitation 194
5 – Assessment of treatment outcome 40
PART 2 Site-specifi c multidisciplinary
6 – Cancer informatics 53 cancer management 203
Principles of cancer diagnosis Thoracic malignancies
7 – Imaging 63 20 – Lung 205
8 – Pathology 83 Breast
21 – Breast 221
Principles of treatment
Gastrointestinal malignancies
9 – Principles of surgery 98
22 – Liver 241
10 – Principles of radiotherapy 108
vii
viii Contents
23 – Biliary tract and pancreas 263 Head and neck cancer
23.1 – Biliary tract 263
39 – General principles of head and neck
23.2 – Pancreas 270 cancer management 503
24 – Oesophagus 280
40 – Nasopharynx 512
25 – Stomach 297
41 – Oral cavity 524
26 – Colon, rectum and anus 308
42 – Larynx and hypopharynx 542
26.1 – Colon and rectum 308
26.2 – Anus 327
43 – Oropharynx 559
Genitourinary malignancies
44 – Major salivary glands 571
27 – Prostate 333
45 – Nasal cavity and paranasal
sinus 586
28 – Bladder and other
urothelium 343
46 – Head and neck unknown
primary 597
29 – Kidney 354
Endocrine tumors
30 – Testicular germ cell tumours 368
47 – Pituitary 609
31 – Penis 384
48 – Thyroid 626
Haematological malignancies 
49 – Adrenal tumours 641
32 – Lymphoma 392
50 – Neuroendocrine tumours 656
33 – Myeloma 415
Dermatological cancer
34 – Leukaemia 427 51 – Skin: Basal cell carcinoma,
squamous cell carcinoma and Merkel cell
carcinoma 674
Gynaecological cancers
35 – Cervix 449 52 – Melanoma 689
36 – Uterus 467 Central nervous system and ocular cancers
53 – Central nervous system 706
37 – Ovary and fallopian
tube 479
54 – Eye: Choroidal melanoma,
retinoblastoma, ocular adnexal
38 – Vulva 495
lymphoma and eyelid cancers 726
Contents ix
Sarcoma 59 – HIV and transplant-related
neoplasms 797
55 – Bone (osteosarcoma) 745
59.1 – HIV-related neoplasms 797
59.2 – Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative
56 – Soft tissue 754
disease 809
59.3 – Cancer following solid organ
Childhood malignancies transplantation 812
57 – Paediatric tumors 768
Index 815
Specifi c cancer situations
58 – Cancer of unknown primary
(non-head and neck) 788
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Foreword
UICC unites the cancer community to reduce the global cancer burden, to promote greater equity and to integrate cancer control
into the world health and development agenda with the goal of delivering on the World Cancer Declaration. One of the nine
targets of the Declaration that shape the overarching goal of improving cancer survival is the education and training of healthcare
professionals. The UICC Manual of Clinical Oncology has for many years been part of UICC’s educational platform. I have always
kept the latest edition of this book as an essential oncology guide in my library since my early years in oncology. By bringing together
for the 9th edition a multidisciplinary authorship from across the globe with the purpose of generating an accessible and realistic
guide for cancer management in all resource settings, Dr O’Sullivan and the editorial team of the UICC Manual of Clinical Oncology
have further strengthened UICC’s commitment to improve cancer services and patient outcomes.
M. Tezer Kutluk MD, PhD, FAAP
President
Union for International Cancer Control
Geneva
x
Preface
It is with great pride that I introduce the 9th edition of the UICC Manual of Clinical Oncology, representing the work of a
remarkably diverse international group of colleagues. The Manual continues to emphasize a devotion to multidisciplinary
assessment and care. Disease-site chapters have been co-authored wherever appropriate by representatives of medical,
radiation and surgical oncology in addressing the different fields of cancer management. As well, an international panel
of authors has been assembled that strives to emphasize, where relevant, needs in jurisdictions where a disease may be
most prevalent. For example, many head and neck cancer chapters are authored from India which sustains an unfair bur-
den of tobacco-related mucosal cancers, but the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal chapters are authored by specialists
from South East-Asia and the Western World, respectively, in recognition of the unique disease incidence and profile in
these locations.
As in previous editions, the target readership comprises oncologists-in-training and the many subspecialty disciplines and
allied health practitioners involved with multimodality cancer treatment programmes, as well as practising physicians and oth-
ers throughout the world who care for cancer patients. Wherever feasible, a succinct style is used and characterized by bullet
point displays and tabular depictions instead of the traditional dense text that characterizes many textbooks. In large part this
convention is concentrated in the disease-site chapters which form the backbone of the manual and where the hallmark is
immediate access to information for readers. The philosophy is particularly mindful of the needs of jurisdictions where infor-
mation is less available and practitioners may be unusually busy and working in smaller units. For all chapters, references are
provided as recommended reading without encumbering the direct narratives of specialists with knowledge and experience
of the domain under discussion.
This edition has been completely revised and all chapters rewritten. New chapters address information needs and approaches
that highlight areas of contemporary oncology, including, among others, practical understanding and application of
evidence-based medicine, cancer informatics, oncology outcome reporting, symptom management, survivorship and end of
life needs of cancer patients. Each disease-site chapter also incorporates cancer staging from the UICC’s TNM Classifi cation
of Malignant Tumours, 7th Edition (2009) and a complete chapter is devoted to the history and principles of cancer staging
that evolved at the UICC from the time it fi rst introduced TNM more than 60 years ago.
Since publication of the 8th edition in 2004, there has been a necessary need to integrate knowledge about non-anatomical
factors with traditional classifi cation of disease extent into prognostic algorithms which also infl uence cancer diagnosis and
therapy. Of particular importance are molecular characteristics, but other very relevant factors pertain to patient issues, such
as age, co-morbidity and ability to tolerate treatment, as well as the health service environment, including access to care,
education and skill/knowledge of practitioners. For this reason each disease-site chapter employs a standard classifi cation
format that identifi es prognostic factors according to their current relevance in the clinic. This classifi es factors as to whether
they are essential to guide treatment decision-making, provide additional information that may facilitate research, teaching,
or cancer programme management, or represent new and promising developments in oncology without yet having a fi rm
foothold in overall cancer control. These concepts are emphasized using the UICC’s standard tabular format in each anatom-
ical site-specifi c chapter. The source for essential factors is from publicly available guidelines that mandate their requirement
for treatment decision-making. They include internationally recognized guidelines such as those of NCCN, ESMO, ASTRO,
ESTRO and ASCO, as well as published guidelines from individual cancer institutions or agencies where available. In addition,
the cancer incidence and prevalence data are almost entirely from Globocan 2012 (http://globocan.iarc.fr/Default.aspx) and
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) (http://SEER.cancer.gov).
xi