UGC Approved Journal Sr. No.48455 Political Exclusion of Muslims in Panchayat Raj Institutions

195 Pages·2017·4.44 MB·English

Gurukul International Multidisciplinary ISSN No. 2394-8426
Research Journal (GIMRJ) with
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Issue–IV, Volume–VI
UGC Approved Journal Sr. No.48455

Political Exclusion of Muslims in Panchayat Raj Institutions: A Case
Study of Telangana State
By
Dr.Mohammed Ghouse1
"The Electors (voters) who are on a different side in party politics from the local majority are
unrepresented... (This system) is diametrically opposed to the first principle of democracy,
representation in proportion to numbers."
John Stuart Mill in Considerations on Representative Government (1861)
Introduction
Participatory democracy is the form of collective decision making process for the direct
and indirect democracies. In this form of government people will decide collective in the affairs
of policy making and their representatives simply execute their policy implementation. Though it
has many constraints the involvement of local people will enhance the accountability and
transparency by social auditing of entire policies and funding.
Panchayats have been the backbone of the Indian villages since the beginning of recorded
history. In 1946, Gandhi had aptly remarked that the Indian independence must begin at the
bottom and every village ought to be a Republic or a Panchayat with powers. His dream got
translated into reality with the introduction of the three-tier Panchayati Raj system to ensure
people’s participation in rural reconstruction.
Telangana has born as a new Indian state on 2nd June 2014 after prolong and peaceful
struggle. The credit of formation of movement goes to all sections of society including Muslims
in Telangana. Though Muslims are living in majority urban areas but they also lives in rural
areas. Most of the rural areas in Telangana are Muslim dominated. This paper will assess the
share of Muslims and representation in Panchayat Raj Institutions in Telangana.
Objectives of the Paper:
This paper figure out the share and representation of Muslims in the Panchayat Raj
Institutions in Telangana for a period of last ten years before its establishment as 29th state of
India. Hence a detailed empirical inquiry will be focused on the representation of bodies like
Zilla Parishad,Mandal Parishad and Gram Panchyats from 2004 to 2014.
Methodology:
This study based on the primary and secondary data like Annual reports of the different
commissions reports. The records of State Election Commission of Telangana state will be
analyzed along with the Rural and Urban Local Bodies Directorates. The Census data of 2011
census will also be used as primary data to assess the election results and the share of Muslims in
PRIs. The study of political parties is not been done due to time constraints. The centralized data
is also not furnished and made available due to bifurcation of the state.
Political Participation and Panchayat Raj Institutions:

1 Post Doctoral Fellow (ICSSR, New Delhi) Department of Pol. Science,
University of Hyderabad, Email address:[email protected]

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Politics could be defined largely as genuine appraisal of humans as true stakeholders of
the state making attempts to coexist in an interdependent relationship. Thus every form of human
society does have some sort of rhythm of politics and game plan of politics and its related
initiatives are true. We recognize this when we talk about politics in private associations such as
temples, churches, mosques, businesses, pressure groups, social clubs and so forth2.
Political Participation may be defined as those of actions of private citizens by which they
seek to influence or to support government and politics3.The phrase “rule of the people” may
define democracy, but it does not tell us why it is better that people, rather than kings, should
rule. Like Mill, contemporary theorists also believe that the equal opportunities of self-
development can only be achieved in a truly participatory society (Pateman 1970; Babber 1984).
Whether in the workplace or in local self government, participation enhances political efficacy,
evokes in citizens a concern for matters of common interest, and helps to create aware and
knowledgeable citizens who can contribute constructively to the process of governance4.
The panchyat raj is often believed to be the most important political invention of
independence India. The panchayat raj institutions (PRIs) are proclaimed as the vehicles of socio-
economic transformation in rural India5. Article 40 of Indian Constitution calls upon the State to
take steps to organise Village Panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as
may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self Government. In order to comply with
the mandatory provisions of 73rd Constitutional amendment state government has enacted the law
to establish rural local bodies. Artcile 243 (G) of the constitution provides the powers and
functions of the local government.
Panchayat Raj Institutions in Telangana:
The state of Telangana has 10 districts erstwhile and out of which 9 districts have
Panchayat Raj Institutions. Recently the Telangana state government has increased the districts
from 10 to 31.With three lakhs families’ population of each district the governments has finalized
31 smaller districts for easy and smooth administration in the year 2016. In the erstwhile 10
districts of Telangana the Panchayat Raj Institutions comprising Zilla Parishads,Mandal Parishad
and Gram Panchayats are 9, 434 and 8703 respectively. The district wise breakup of these
institutions and its constituencies/members in Telagana are as follows.
Table-1
Statement showing the Panchayat Raj Institutions in Telangana
Name of the
Sl.No ZPP ZPTC MPP MPTC Sarpanchas
District
1 Adilabad 1 52 52 636 859

2 Lester W.Milbrath,M.L Goel, “Political Participation: How and Why do people Get Involved in Politics”., Chicago : Rand McNally College
Pub. Co., c1977. p1
3 Lester W.Milbrath, M.L Goel, “Political Participation: How and why do people Get Involved in Politics”. Chicago: Rand McNally College
Pub. Co., 1977. p2
4 Democracy in India (ed) Niraja Gopal Jayal,Oxford University Press,2010 p13
5 Yatindra Singh Sisodia, “Panchayati raj System in Madhya Pradesh: An Appraisal”, in G.Palanithuria (ed.),
Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India, Vol. II, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 2002.

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2 Karimnagar 1 57 57 830 1206
3 Khammam 1 46 39 625 718
4 Nizamabad 1 36 36 580 718
5 Nalgonda 1 59 59 835 1166
6 Medak 1 46 46 685 1065
7 Mahabubnagar 1 64 64 981 1328
8 Ranga Reddy 1 33 33 613 668
9 Warangal 1 50 48 705 941
Total 9 441 434 6490 8703
Source: Secondary data collected from various resources from Commissioner of Panchayat Raj
and Rural Development, Govt.of Telangana.
Demographic status of Muslims in Telangana:
The Muslims in Telangana have in considerable size where the total population of the
state is more than 351 Lakhs while Muslims are more than 45 Lakhs comprising to 13% of its
total population. Hyderabad recorded more than 43 percent and Nalgonda 5.41 percent of
Muslim population in the state.
Of the total urban population of the state around 24% of the population is Muslim
whereas in the rural areas they constitute only 5.05%. Hyderabad consists of only urban
population and 43.4% of the total Hyderabad population is Muslims. Apart from Hyderabad,
Nizamabad and Mahbubnagar districts have high concentration of Muslims in urban areas. 35.6%
and 24.3% of the urban population are Muslims in these two districts respectively. Adilabad,
Karimnagar and Medak districts have also considerable share of Muslim population among their
urban population. Muslims constitute 22.35% of the urban population in Adilabad district. In
Karimnagar and Medak districts their share is 16.29% and 20.12% respectively. The share of
Muslims in the rural population is higher than in the state average in Adilabad, Nizambad,
Medak, Ranga Reddy and Mahbubnagar districts6.
Table-2
Muslim Population in Telagana state (Dist.Wise)
Total Muslim Share of Muslims(%)
Hyderabad 3943323 1713405 43.45
Nizamabad 2551335 391596 15.35
Ranga Reddy 5296741 617518 11.66
Medak 3033288 342449 11.29
Adilabad 2741239 275970 10.07
Mahbubnagar 4053028 334172 8.24
Karimnagar 3776269 244723 6.48
Khammam 2797370 158887 5.68

6 Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Socio-Economic and Educational Conditions of Muslims, Govt.of
Telangana, August 2016 (Popularyly known as Sudheer Commission Report) p16

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Warangal 3512576 197333 5.62
Nalgonda 3488809 188646 5.41
Telangana 35193978 4464699 12.69
Source: Census of India 2011
Representation of Muslims in Panchayat Raj Institutions in Telangana:
This paper mainly focused on the two elections i.e., Third Ordinary Elections, 2006 and
Fourth Ordinary Elections, 2014 conducted in erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh to review the
functioning of participatory democracy in Telangana. The law relating to Panchayat Raj
elections, both direct and indirect is dispersed in various provisions contained in the Andhra
Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 and various sets of rules issued there under. Apart from that,
there are also certain orders issued by the State Election Commission under Section 243K of the
Constitution of India governing the conduct of elections7. The data on representation in ZPTC
elections, MPTC elections and Sarpanch Elections of 2006 and 2014 pertains to caste and
community is given below.
Table-3
Caste wise/ Community wise Political Representation in Telangana - 2006
2006 ZPTC's
S.No. District SCs STs BCs Women Muslims General Total
1 Adilabad 7 7 11 17 0 10 52
2 Khammam 5 9 7 16 0 9 46
3 Karimnagar 8 1 17 19 0 12 57
4 Mahboobnagar 6 3 17 21 0 17 64
5 Medak 6 2 13 15 0 10 46
6 Nalgonda 7 5 15 20 0 12 59
7 Nizamabad 4 2 10 12 2 6 36
8 Rangareddy 5 1 9 11 0 7 33
9 Warangal 6 5 13 17 9 50
TOTAL 54 35 112 148 2 92 443
Source: Secondary data collected from various resources from Commissioner of Panchayat Raj
and Rural Development, Govt.of Telangana
Table-4
Caste wise/ Community wise Political Representation in Telangana – 2006
2006 MPTS
S.
District SCs STs BCs Women Muslims General Total
No.
1 Adilabad 69 85 109 188 7 117 575
2 Khammam 66 113 67 228 3 124 601
3 Karimnagar 51 107 247 276 2 119 802

7 State Election Commission, Andhra Pradesh Handbook of Election Law as on May 2011 p ii

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4 Mahboobnagar 99 52 221 274 9 213 868
5 Medak 75 27 172 249 8 137 668
6 Nalgonda 95 70 215 265 2 170 817
7 Nizamabad 56 32 149 175 7 114 533
8 Rangareddy 91 62 236 247 4 134 774
9 Warangal 33 20 57 93 2 39 244
TOTAL 635 568 1473 1995 44 1167 5882
Source: Data collected from various resources from Commissioner of Panchayat Raj and Rural
Development, Govt.of Telangana.
Table-5
Caste wise/ Community wise Political Representation in Telangana – 2006
2006 SARPANCH
S.No. District SCs STs BCs Women Muslims General Total
1 Adilabad 92 216 140 286 7 125 866
2 Khammam 64 276 70 251 9 93 763
3 Karimnagar 167 25 345 386 6 259 1188
4 Mahboobnagar 166 97 332 442 7 300 1344
5 Medak 139 40 277 350 9 236 1051
6 Nalgonda 146 77 308 381 3 228 1143
7 Nizamabad 72 37 184 230 11 147 681
8 Rangareddy 95 38 194 224 13 127 691
9 Warangal 119 132 236 326 8 168 989
TOTAL 1060 938 2086 2876 73 1683 8716
Source: Data collected from various resources from Commissioner of Panchayat Raj and Rural
Development, Govt.of Telangana.
Table-6
2014 ZPTC's
Caste wise/ Community wise Political Representation in Telangana
S.No. District SCs STs BCs Muslims General Total
1 Adilabad 10 12 24 04 02 52
2 Khammam 08 18 14 Nil 06 46
3 Karimnagar 12 02 29 01 13 57
4 Mahboobnagar 13 07 29 Nil 15 64
5 Medak 09 03 21 02 11 46
6 Nalgonda 11 10 23 01 14 59
7 Nizamabad 06 03 19 Nil 08 36
8 Rangareddy 07 03 16 Nil 07 33
9 Warangal 09 11 20 02 08 50

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TOTAL 85 69 195 10 84 443
Source: Data collected from various resources from Commissioner of Panchayat Raj and Rural
Development, Govt.of Telangana.
Table-7
2014 MPTC's
Caste wise/ Community wise Political Representation in Telangana
S.No. District SCs STs BCs Muslims General Total
1 Adilabad 131 137 293 28 47 636
2 Khammam 117 262 138 12 96 625
3 Karimnagar 183 24 489 05 129 830
4 Mahboobnagar 199 108 500 15 159 981
5 Medak 131 47 379 18 110 685
6 Nalgonda 163 119 413 11 129 835
7 Nizamabad 99 62 339 29 51 580
8 Rangareddy 117 53 307 36 100 613
9 Warangal 127 168 332 06 72 705
TOTAL 1267 980 3190 160 893 6490
Source: Data collected from various resources from Commissioner of Panchayat Raj and Rural
Development, Govt.of Telangana.
Table-8
2014 Sarpanchas
Caste wise/ Community wise Political Representation in Telangana
S.No. District SCs STs BCs Muslim General Total
1 Adilabad 133 329 314 16 67 859
2 Khammam 86 428 117 08 113 752
3 Karimnagar 239 46 703 09 209 1206
4 Mahboobnagar 238 171 631 16 272 1328
5 Medak 185 68 587 36 188 1064
6 Nalgonda 215 173 555 13 210 1166
7 Nizamabad 129 87 394 21 87 718
8 Rangareddy 134 18 315 09 223 699
9 Warangal 158 234 426 12 112 942
TOTAL 1517 1554 4042 140 1481 8734
Source: Data collected from various resources from Commissioner of Panchayat Raj and Rural
Development, Govt.of Telangana.
Data Analysis
The data for the two elections conducted in Telangana region shows that the representation of
Muslims in the PRIs is very less and figures and negligible, whereas the percentage of elected
representatives of all the three bodies is mere 1.39 percent and the gap/deprivation rate is 5.99
percent. This is also shows that the Muslims are never adequately represented in local rural

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bodies as such seventy percent of the total community is out of political engagement which is a
potential threat to democratic principles and participatory democracy.
Table-9
Statistics showing the share of the Representation and Deprivation index
Total No. to be elected
Sr. Muslims Elected Gap
PRI Consti- Percentage as per population
No (Representation) (Deprivation)
tuencies share
1 ZPTC 2006 443 02 0.45 26 5.55
2 ZPTC 2014 443 10 2.25 26 3.75
3 MPTC 2006 5882 44 0.74 353 5.25
4 MPTC 2014 6490 160 2.46 389 3.54
5 Sarpanchas 2006 8716 73 0.83 523 5.17
6 Sarpanchas 2014 8734 140 1.60 524 4.40
Total 30708 429 1.39 1842 5.99
Source: Authors assumptions (Computed data from above tables) Share of the Muslim population
is taken as a sample of 6% in rural areas whereas the total share of Muslims in the state is 13% of
its total population.
Conclusion
Measuring of grass root democracy can be done through the functioning of panchayat raj
institutions in the country and in Telangana. Political engagement of Poor and marginalized
communities like Muslims in the grass root institutions shall successful and meet their legitimate
local demands of their localities. The principles of participatory democracy and deliberative
democracy will be only useful on the participation, mobilization and contestation of all the
groups and communities of civil society. Whereas in the case of Telangana the PRIs are not
effectively successful. Hence the following suggestions are mentioned hereunder for effective
participation and representation of Muslims in Telangana and to meet the democratic challenges
to centralization. Secondly the people of the country losing hope in the democracy and in the
system. As such the democracy is losing voters. Citizens are deliberately missing from
governance and participatory democracy in Telangana. The maximum population of a
particularly community like Muslims needs to enjoy political equality for better empowerment
and development without discrimination.
1. An adequate constitutional amendment shall be made in 73rd Constitutional Amendment
Act for reservations to Muslim community on par with the population share. The
provisions of nominated persons cannot be useful and not based on the democratic
principle.
2. In Telangana, the Govt.shall take a issue very seriously and make consensus on the
political participation of Muslims in rural bodies and a minimum 6 percent reservations
shall be provided.
3. Special territorial constituencies shall be established in respect of Muslim populated areas
by delimitation principles on par with the Scheduled tribes and scheduled castes.

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4. A special data bank in all the District Panchayat offices shall be functional to record the
data and its related statistics.
*****
References:
1. www.telangana.gov.in/departments/panchayat-raj-and-rural-development
2. www.tspr.gov.in
3. tsipard.gov.in/
4. Epmis.telangana.nic.in
5. www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/panchayat-raj-and-rural-development
6. shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/86887/13/13_chapter%203.pdf
7. Sudheer Committee Report August 2016

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Elections and Indian Democracy: An Analysis
Dr. Bhupinder Singh
Assistant Professor
DAV College
Ambala City
(Haryana)-134003

Abstract
This paper is a modest attempt to analyze the electoral process and importance of elections in democracy in general
and in Indian democracy in particular. It also highlights the drawbacks in Indian electoral system and demand for
electoral reforms in India. Both primary and secondary sources have been used in this paper. Historical and
analytical methods have been used in this paper. This paper is divided into four parts. First part relates with the
conceptual clarification and development of democratic process. Second part deals with the importance and
significance of elections in Indian democracy. Third part analyses the elections as a tool for the safety of
fundamental freedoms of the citizens. Last part relates with the defects in Indian electoral system and suggestions for
electoral reforms.
Earlier studies on elections and democracy were descriptive but now there have been
changed in their nature. There are some fundamental questions. These are partly theoretical,
partly methodological and partly conceptual. It is not only important to know who voted for
whom; rather the aim is to find out why did the voters voted the way they voted. Besides,
political scientists have not been able to propound a unanimously accepted theory of voting
behavior. Many studies suffer from certain statistical fallacies. There are also problems of
conceptual nature. The methodology used in this paper has a holistic dimension. It has taken
view various aspects of Indian politics. Historical, comparative and analytical approach has been
adopted. Both primary and secondary sources have been used in this study.
India is a democratic country. There is democratic set-up at the central and state
levels in this country. Like the Kumbh Mela the elections have been taking place in India at the
fixed intervals. Like the Aradha Kumbhs these have also been held at shorter intervals whenever
the national or state legislature has been dissolved before the completion of their terms. The
social scientists as well as analysts have all along viewed the elections as barometers of the
health of the Indian democracy.
After three centuries of march of democracy in the West through such landmarks as
the American and French Revolution, the British electoral reforms and the progressive era in the
United States, civilization has finally grown to an extent at least to recognize that democracy is
the essence of modern times. Even dictator’s pay lip service to democracy and the communist
countries call themselves “People’s Democracies.” Democracy is government not only by
consent, but also by individual and rational consent of a large number of citizens. It has also been
called government by discussion or by persuasion, for these are the typical ways in which the
consent of the governed is gained and reaffirmed. Democratic form of government is
distinguished by institutions that facilitate the gathering of consent and offer choices. Devices
and institutions have been developed in various western countries that help to accomplish this
goal with varying degrees of success. Among the most important of these are free elections, the

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secret ballot, devices for the legislative control of the executive branch, and the judicial remedies
against the arbitrary use of governmental power. Majority rule is a major principle of democracy.
In every body politic, important decisions have to be constantly made at one or more levels. The
people must choose among several sets of leaders and thereby among several policies. In a
representative democracy, there are bodies of representative—legislatures, committees and
collegial executive or regulative bodies. Majority rule envisages that the issues are to be resolved
by voting in all decisions—making bodies from the electorate to the last committee.1
Democracy does not recognize heredity as a means of selecting the rulers, the democratic
devise for this purpose are elections. Elections are key to democracy by which people, who are
sovereign; decide who shall run the polity within the framework of the constitution. Since
democracy means rule of majority, free and faire elections become the keystone of the arch
which holds the edifice of state structure to decide that majority. Elections are, therefore,
perceived as the genuine instruments for the creation of popular government. These vest in the
public with an opportunity of making a choice among the political alternatives. The perception of
the voters is deemed to be crucial in deciding the electoral outcome. The elections invest the
government with the consent of the people and ensure it orderly replacement.2
The role of elections in the processes of interest articulation, interest aggregation, political
socialization, political recruitment and political communication has been widely recognized by a
large number of scholars. The political culture of a society is shaped by this mechanism to a great
extent. They play an important role in the promotion and expression of public opinion. The
processes of political participation and political mobilization are significantly influenced by the
electoral process. Elections are a device to ensure responsive government. The accountability of
rulers to the ruled is facilitated through them. The people are able to influence the process of
policy—making by giving their verdict in favour of, or against various policies and programmes.
Elections also provide legitimacy to the authority in a democratic system.
The electoral process, therefore, constitute the heart and soul of the democratic process. It
is through it that popular will is expressed. There is no doubt about the fact that democratic
system depends on the active and intelligent interest of the people in their national affairs and
elections provide opportunity for them. It is during elections that the people come forcefully in
the picture. The sovereignty of the people is institutionalized and realized through this
instrument. These are also required for ascertaining the public opinion on various issues. No
democracy strives for unanimity in the modern era. Dissent is valued and in the system of
government under which believe, that is “rule by consent,” both consent and dissent have to be
adequately measured. Hence, the study of elections is of paramount significance as it provides a
unique opportunity of studying political behavior, political culture and political process.
Moreover, the study of elections provides an opportunity to study a political system in action,
using various techniques and methods from survey research and participant observation studies to
the analysis of aggregate data.
In fact, democracy cannot be imagined without elections. As has been stated by Abraham
Lincoln, “Democracy is a government of the people, for the people and by the people,” It ceases
to be such without elections. Elections are also an important device for political education of the

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