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196 Pages·2006·1.633 MB·English
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Computer Communications and Networks The Computer Communications and Networks series is a range of textbooks, monographs and handbooks. It sets out to provide students, researchers and non-specialists alike with a sure grounding in current knowledge, together with comprehensible access to the latest developments in computer communications and networking. Emphasis is placed on clear and explanatory styles that support a tutorial approach, so that even the most complex of topics is presented in a lucid and intelligible manner. Also in this series: An Information Security Handbook John M.D. Hunter 1-85233-180-1 Multimedia Internet Broadcasting: Quality, Technology and Interface Andy Sloane and Dave Lawrence (Eds) 1-85233-283-2 Information Assurance: Surviving in the Information Environment Andrew Blyth and Gerald L. Kovacich 1-85233-326-X UMTS: Origins, Architecture and the Standard Pierre Lescuyer (Translation Editor: Frank Bott) 1-85233-676-5 OSS for Telecom Networks Kundan Misra 1-85233-808-3 The Quintessential PIC® Microcontroller 2nd edition Sid Katzen 1-85233-942-X Intelligent Spaces: The Application of Pervasive ICT Alan Steventon and Steve Wright (Eds) 1-84628-002-8 George Roussos (Ed.) Ubiquitous and Pervasive Commerce New Frontiers for Electronic Business George Roussos, MSc, PhD, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK Series editor Professor A.J. Sammes, BSc, MPhil, PhD, FBCS, CEng CISM Group, Cranfield University, RMCS, Shrivenham, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2005929865 Computer Communications and Networks ISSN 1617-7975 ISBN-10: 1-84628-035-4 e-ISBN 1-84628-000-0 Printed on acid-free paper ISBN-13: 978-1-84628-035-1 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2006 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be repro- duced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and there- fore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the infor- mation contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Printed in the United States of America (MVY) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com To Theano. Preface At the core of this book is the interplay between technological and business innovation and social practice. Although the benefits of 50 years of rapid advances in digital telecommunications and computing technology have not benefited everyone equally, they have nevertheless transformed almost every aspectofthewaywelive.Oneareawheretechnologyhashadaclearimpactis inthewayweconductbusiness.Therateofchangethat bringsaboutmoder- nity has been considerably strengthened by technological advances applied to product manufacturing, distribution, financing, and management, which arguably form the substrate for globalization and consumerism. It is thus no surprise that businesses closely monitor advances in technol- ogy and invest considerable resources in exploring possible new applications and marketopportunities. Yet, consumers’acceptance of new ways of buying and selling depends as much on business and technology as on our society’s culture and the culture of the material environment that defines our values, sensibilities, and thus our commitments. Moreover, the rate of technological innovation is such that to the con- sumer,technologyimplementationisfully opaque.Nonetheless,opportunities to carry out commerce in novel ways also introduce risk to established so- cial structures, conventions,and institutions. In modernity, risk management is one of the core functions of society and to be successful in this, societies depend on their trust of experts. Experts take risks on behalf of society and are responsible for evaluating the full extent of a particular set of hazards including those associated with a particular technology. With the deploymentofubiquitous and pervasivecomputing for business, technology becomes indistinguishable from everyday objects and thus disap- pears from public view, so that even its mere existence is not immediately obvious.Unlikeprevioustechnologygenerations,itsoperationissilentandits inner workings less accessible than at any other time in the past. But technology and business do not always combine seamlessly either. Often,technologistshavelimitedinterestinthe businessimplicationsoftech- nologywhichtheyviewasbeingdominantoverallotheraspectsofcommercial VIII Preface activity.This was illustratedin the 1990sduring the boom ofelectronic com- merce when business startups expected to dominate the market often on the basis of a single technical innovation, frequently without a viable business case. Thiswasalsotheperiodinwhichtheconceptofubiquitouscommercewas born: Throughout 1999, Anatole Gershman and his team at Accenture Labs werelookingatmobiletelephonyasachannelforcommerce.Mostoftheideas they initially considered they rejected because of their narrow focus on the technicalcapabilityofthemobilephoneandtheirlimitedappealtoconsumers. InAugustofthatyear,whilewaitingaflightoutofO’HareAirportatChicago, they observed different people using their telephones and it became clear to them that what is truly different with mobile phones is that they offer ubiquitousopportunitiesfornegotiationandtransactions,thusforubiquitous commerce. Whilethisinterpretationofubiquitouscommercebecameacorethemefor theworkcarriedoutatAccentureLabs,othersalsoarrivedatasimilarconcept startingfromatechnologicalperspective.Indeed,bythelate1990scomputing research was turning its attention to a concept that first emerged earlier in thedecadeandwhilereferredtobydifferentnamesitwasincreasinglyknown as ubiquitous computing. Many asked what would be the applications when this technology could be used for commerce. Another development that contributed in making ubiquitous commerce the focus of different research programmes in the early 2000s, has been the increased interest in Radio Frequency Identification. This technology allows for the augmentation of artifacts with computational and limited wireless communications capability at very low cost, thus providing a viable solution to one of the core concerns of ubiquitous computing. Recently, RFID has been used in a variety of practical deployments with businesses increasingly interested in implementing ubiquitous commerce at a large scale. ThesedifferentviewscametogetherinOctober2003atthefirstubiquitous commerce workshop organized in conjunction with Ubicomp 2003 in Seattle, WA, USA. During this workshop different aspects of ubiquitous commerce were discussed and the tensions highlighted above surfaced. This book is the extension of the discourse that started with that workshop, enriched with contributionsfromseveralmoreauthors.Ihopeitprovidesusefulinsightsinto the technological, business, and societal aspects of ubiquitous and pervasive commerce. Hampstead, April 2005 George Roussos Acknowledgements AlessandroAcquistiwouldliketothankHalVarian,GeorgeRoussos,andthe InformationTechnologydepartmentatHECMontrealforhelpanddiscussions about the topics and models presented in Chapter 7. Tony Salvador, Kenneth T. Anderson, and John W. Sherry would like to thank Edgar Whitley, London School of Economics, for his assistance in developing Chapter 10. GregorHackenbroich,ChristofBornh,StephanHaller,andJoachimSchaper would like to thank Tao Lin, Brian Mo, Uwe Kubach, Rama Gurram, Peter Ebert,andHartmutVoglerfortheirvaluablecontributionstotheAuto-IDIn- frastructureproject.Wealsobenefitedfromfruitfuldiscussionswithothercol- leagues in SAP including Bernd Sieren, BerndLauterbach,ChristophLessm- llmann, Ami Heitner, Alexander Renz, and Kai Morisse. Large parts of Chapters 4 and 6 have been funded by the M-Lab (www. m-lab.ch),ajointresearchinitiativeofETHZurichandtheUniversityofSt. Gallen,Switzerland.TheM-Labis workingwith severalinternationalcompa- nies on business applications based on ubiquitous computing technologies. Roger Till and other staff at GS1 UK (visit www.gs1uk.org) provided input in Chapter 2 regarding the supply chain standards that constitute the EAN.UCC and the EPCglobal systems. Project MyGrocer discussed in Chapter 8 has been partially supported by the European Commission under research contract IST-1999-26238. The MyGrocerConsortiumconsistsofthefollowingmembers:NokiaCorporation, ProcterandGamble,UnisysCorporation,ATMELCorporation,PouliadisAs- sociates Corporation,Athens University of Economics and Business, Helsinki University of Technology, S-Markt, and Atlantic Supermarkets. Contents Preface ........................................................VII Acknowledgements ............................................ IX Contributors...................................................XIII 1 Ubiquitous Computing for Electronic Business George Roussos .................................................. 1 Part I Technology 2 Supply Chain Management Standards in Ubiquitous Commerce George Roussos .................................................. 15 3 Optimizing Business Processes by Automatic Data Acquisition: RFID Technology and Beyond Gregor Hackenbroich, Christof Bornho¨vd, Stephan Haller, and Joachim Schaper................................................. 33 4 RFID in Movable Asset Management Matthias Lampe, Martin Strassner, and Elgar Fleisch................. 53 Part II Business 5 Ubiquitous Services: Extending Customer Relationship Management Anatole Gershman and Andrew Fano ............................... 75 6 The Business Value of Ubiquitous Computing Technologies Elgar Fleisch and Christian Tellkamp............................... 93 XII Contents 7 Ubiquitous Computing, Customer Tracking, and Price Discrimination Alessandro Acquisti ..............................................115 8 The Design of Pervasive Retail Experiences Panos Kourouthanassis and George Roussos.........................133 Part III Society 9 Legal Challenges to Ubiquitous Commerce Olli Pitka¨nen....................................................157 10 Thoughts on Retail System Designto Support Polimorphic Actions Among Clerks: That’ll Be $20 — But if You Buy Two, I’ll Knock off 10% Tony Salvador, Kenneth T. Anderson, and John W. Sherry ...........167 11 Privacy Protection and RFID Simson Garfinkel ................................................177 The Code of Fair Information Practices........................189 The ISTAG Maria Scenario....................................191 Index..........................................................193

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