UAV Networks and Communications

255 Pages·2018·29.219 MB·English

by  Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz

Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-11530-9 — UAV Networks and Communications
Edited by Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz
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UAVNetworksandCommunications
The first book to focus on the communications and networking aspects of UAVs, this
uniqueresourceprovidesthefundamentalknowledgeneededtopursueresearchinthe
field.
Theteamofauthorscoversthefoundationalconceptsofthetopic,aswellasoffering
a detailed insight into the state-of-the-art in UAVs and UAV networks, discussing the
regulations, policies, and procedures for deployment (including analysis of risks and
rewards)alongwithdemonstrations,test-beds,andpracticalreal-worldapplicationsin
areassuchaswildlifedetectionandemergencycommunications.
This is essential reading for graduate students, researchers, and professionals in
communicationsandnetworking.
Kamesh Namuduri is a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at the
UniversityofNorthTexas.
Serge Chaumette is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bordeaux,
France,andleadsUAVsresearchandactivitiesatBordeauxComputerScienceResearch
Laboratory(LaBRI).
Jae H. Kim is an Executive and Senior Technical Fellow of Boeing Research and
Technology,andanAffiliateProfessorattheUniversityofWashington,Seattle.
James P.G. Sterbenz is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
and Director of the Networking Systems Laboratory in the Information and
TelecommunicationTechnologyCenteratTheUniversityofKansas.
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-11530-9 — UAV Networks and Communications
Edited by Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz
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UAV Networks
and Communications
Editedby
KAMESH NAMUDURI
UniversityofNorthTexas
SERGE CHAUMETTE
UniversityofBordeaux
JAE H. KIM
BoeingResearchandTechnology
JAMES P.G. STERBENZ
UniversityofKansas
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Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-11530-9 — UAV Networks and Communications
Edited by Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz
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Names:Namuduri,Kamesh,editor.|Chaumette,Serge,editor.|Kim,JaeH.
(JaeHoon),editor.|Sterbenz,JamesP.G.,editor.
Title:UAVnetworksandcommunications/editedbyKameshNamuduri,
UniversityofNorthTexas,SergeChaumette,UniversityofBordeaux,JaeH.Kim,
BoeingResearchandTechnology,JamesP.G.Sterbenz,
UniversityofKansas.
Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY,USA:Cambridge
UniversityPress,2018.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2017044885|ISBN9781107115309(hardback:alk.paper)
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Edited by Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz
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Dedicatedto
OurTeachers
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978-1-107-11530-9 — UAV Networks and Communications
Edited by Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz
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Contents
Preface pagexiii
Contributors xv
1 IntroductiontoUAVSystems 1
1.1 IntroductiontoUAVTypesandMissions 2
1.1.1 Fixed-wingUAVs 3
1.1.2 Flapping-wingUAVs 5
1.1.3 Rotary-wingUAVs 8
1.1.4 ConvertibleUAVs 10
1.1.5 HybridUAVs 14
1.2 UAVSwarmingandMiniaturization 16
1.3 UAVMiniaturization:ChallengesandOpportunities 17
1.3.1 GustSensitivity 18
1.3.2 EnergyDensity 18
1.3.3 AerodynamicEfficiency 19
1.3.4 OtherDesignChallenges 19
1.4 UAVNetworksandTheirAdvantages 19
1.4.1 UniqueFeaturesofAirborneNetworks 22
1.4.2 MobilityModelsforUAVNetworks 22
1.4.3 StateoftheartinUAVNetworks 23
1.5 Summary 25
2 Air-to-GroundandAir-to-AirDataLinkCommunication 26
2.1 Air-to-GroundCommunicationforMannedAviation 26
2.1.1 RadarforGround-basedAircraftIdentification 27
2.1.2 DistanceandDirectionMeasurementsBeyondRadar 30
2.1.3 InstrumentLandingSystemforPreciseLocalization 31
2.1.4 VoiceCommunicationbetweenAirandGround 31
2.2 ModernizationofAerialCommunicationforFutureGrowth 32
2.2.1 ModernSurveillanceandNavigation 32
2.2.2 DigitalCommunicationforATM 33
2.3 PracticalUAVandMUAVDataLinks 35
2.3.1 ControlandTelemetry 36
2.3.2 PayloadorApplicationDataCommunication 36
vii
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viii Contents
2.4 AnalysisofTerrestrialWirelessBroadbandSolutionsforUAVLinks 37
2.4.1 SingleAntennaUAVSystemAnalysis 38
2.4.2 MultipleAntennaUAVAir-to-AirLinkAnalysis 38
2.4.3 MultipleAntennaUAVAir-to-GroundLinkAnalysis 41
2.5 Conclusions 44
3 AerialWi-FiNetworks 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 AerialNetworkCharacteristics 46
3.2.1 Vehicles 47
3.2.2 3DNature 47
3.2.3 Mobility 48
3.2.4 PayloadandFlightTimeConstraints 48
3.3 CommunicationDemandsofAutonomousAerialNetworks 49
3.3.1 DeviceAutonomy 49
3.3.2 MissionAutonomy 50
3.4 QuantitativeCommunicationRequirements 51
3.5 AerialWi-FiNetworks:ResultsfromExistingReal-WorldMeasurements 52
3.5.1 NetworkArchitecture 52
3.5.2 ExperimentalResults 54
3.6 ConclusionsandOutlook 56
4 Disruption-TolerantAirborneNetworksandProtocols 58
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 AirborneNetworkEnvironment 59
4.3 RelatedWork 62
4.3.1 TraditionalInternetProtocols 62
4.3.2 MobileWirelessNetworkProtocols 65
4.3.3 TransportationNetworkProtocols 67
4.3.4 Cross-Layering 69
4.4 AeronauticalProtocolArchitecture 70
4.4.1 AeroTP:TCP-FriendlyTransportProtocol 71
4.4.2 AeroNP:IP-CompatibleNetworkProtocol 76
4.4.3 AeroRP:Location-AwareRoutingAlgorithm 78
4.5 PerformanceEvaluation 82
4.5.1 AeroTPSimulationResults 82
4.5.2 AeroRPandAeroNPSimulationResults 88
4.6 Summary 95
5 UAVSystemsandNetworks:EmulationandFieldDemonstration 96
5.1 UnmannedAerialVehicle(UAV)PlatformSystems 96
5.1.1 UAVPlatformSystem 97
5.1.2 UAVAutopilotControlSystem 99
5.1.3 UAVCommunicationSystem 102
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978-1-107-11530-9 — UAV Networks and Communications
Edited by Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz
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Contents ix
5.1.4 UAVMonitoringSystem 103
5.1.5 UAVSystemIntegrationandSafety 105
5.2 UnmannedAerialVehicle(UAV)NetworkedSystems 107
5.2.1 UAVInternetworkingOperationalConcept(CONOPS) 107
5.2.2 NetworkConfiguration 108
5.2.3 NetworkEmulation 108
5.2.4 NetworkProtocols 110
5.2.5 NetworkSystemsIntegration 112
5.2.6 FieldDemonstrationandAnalysis 115
5.3 RelatedWorks 117
5.4 Summary 118
6 IntegratingUASintotheNAS–Regulatory,Technical,andResearchChallenges 120
6.1 RegulatoryFrameworkForCivilAviation–PastandPresent 120
6.1.1 AirworthinessCertification 121
6.1.2 RegulationsforContinuingAirworthiness 124
6.1.3 CertificationforCrewandOperators 124
6.2 RegulatoryBodiesandUASLegislation–PresentandFuture 126
6.2.1 EuropeanUnion(EU) 127
6.2.2 UnitedStatesofAmerica 131
6.2.3 Canada 132
6.2.4 Australia 133
6.2.5 Brazil 135
6.2.6 SouthAfrica 135
6.2.7 Japan 136
6.2.8 Summary 136
6.3 StandardsOrganizations 137
6.3.1 InternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO) 137
6.3.2 RadioTechnicalCommissionforAeronautics:SC-228 138
6.3.3 EuropeanOrganizationforCivilAviationEquipment:WG73/WG93 139
6.3.4 JointAuthoritiesforRulemakingonUnmannedSystems 139
6.3.5 Summary 140
6.4 SocialImplications–PrivacyandSecurity 140
6.4.1 Privacy 140
6.5 GapsbetweenRegulatoryNeedsandTechnicalState-of-the-Art 145
6.6 TechnicalChallenges 146
6.6.1 ResearchQuestions 147
6.6.2 MinimumTransmissionRangeNeededbytheUAVstoKeepthe
AirborneBackboneNetworkConnectedatallTimes 147
6.6.3 Minimum Number of UAVs Needed to Monitor all Suspect
MobileTargetsatallTimes 154
6.6.4 ModifiedMinimumFlowProblem 158
6.7 Summary 159
6.8 Acknowledgements 159
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978-1-107-11530-9 — UAV Networks and Communications
Edited by Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz
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x Contents
7 Safety,Security,andPrivacyAspectsinUAVNetworks 160
7.1 Introduction 160
7.2 SafetyintheSky 161
7.2.1 AutomaticDependentSurveillance–Broadcast(ADS-B) 162
7.2.2 FLARM 163
7.2.3 ADS-BVersusFLARMforGliders 163
7.2.4 L-BandDigitalAeronauticalCommunicationsSystem(LDACS) 164
7.2.5 AeronauticalMobileAircraftCommunicationSystem
(AeroMACS) 164
7.2.6 Self-organizedAirborneNetwork(SOAN) 164
7.2.7 BeyondtheRadioLineofSight(BRLoS) 166
7.2.8 BenefitsofSelf-organizedAirborneNetworks 166
7.3 PrivacyontheGround 166
7.3.1 FourthAmendmentintheContextofUAVs 167
7.4 InformationSecurity 168
7.5 SecurityRequirementsatUAVLevel 169
7.6 SecurityRequirementsatUAVNetworkLevel 172
7.6.1 SecurityRequirementsforStandaloneSwarms 173
7.6.2 SecurityRequirementsinGround-ControlledUAVFleets 174
7.7 OngoingResearchandProductsRelatedtoUAVSecurity 175
7.8 Summary 176
8 CollaborationBetweenAutonomousDronesandSwarming 177
8.1 IntroductionandBackground 177
8.2 WhyUseSwarmsofUnmannedAerialSystems? 178
8.2.1 ContinuousFlight/Mission 179
8.2.2 IncreasedMissionFlexibility 180
8.2.3 IncreasedCapabilities 181
8.2.4 AdditionalFeatures 182
8.2.5 Summary 183
8.3 MajorIssuesandResearchDirections 183
8.3.1 Localization,ProximityDetection,andPositioning 183
8.3.2 ManSwarmInteraction 186
8.3.3 DegradedModeofOperation 187
8.3.4 SafetyandLegalIssues 189
8.3.5 Security 190
8.4 Conclusion 192
9 Real-WorldApplications 194
9.1 Introduction 194
9.2 WildlifeDetection 194
9.2.1 AerialWildlifeCounts 195
9.2.2 RavenRQ-11ASmallUnmannedAircraftSystem 196
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978-1-107-11530-9 — UAV Networks and Communications
Edited by Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz
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Contents xi
9.2.3 Using the Raven RQ-11A sUAS to Estimate the Abundance
of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) at Monte Vista National
WildlifeRefuge,Colorado,USA 198
9.2.4 Evaluation of the Raven sUAS to Detect Greater Sage-Grouse
(Centrocercusurophasianus)onLeks,MiddlePark,Colorado,USA 201
9.3 EnablingEmergencyCommunications 204
9.3.1 AerialBaseStations 204
9.3.2 CyberPhysicalSystemPerspective 205
9.3.3 ScientificandEngineeringChallenges 206
9.3.4 DisasterResponseandEmergencyCommunications 207
9.3.5 ResearchChallenges 208
9.3.6 DerivingTheoreticalModels 210
9.4 Summary 213
References 214
Index 242
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978-1-107-11530-9 — UAV Networks and Communications
Edited by Kamesh Namuduri , Serge Chaumette , Jae H. Kim , James P. G. Sterbenz
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Preface
Aviation authorities around the world have been making progress towards integrating
UAVs(unmannedaerialvehicles)intotheirnationalairspaces.Inparallel,privateindus-
tryhasbeendevelopinginnovativeUAV-basedapplications,suchasdrone-basedpack-
age delivery, medicine delivery, pipeline monitoring systems, and disaster-area aerial
surveys. However, before UAVs can become integrated into the civilian airspace and
such real-world applications become reality, there are several technical, societal, and
regulatory challenges that need to be addressed by the research community. The most
important among them is the need for enhanced situational awareness of UAVs in the
airspace.
Three different, yet complementary, paradigms emerged to address enhanced situ-
ational awareness of UAVs: satellite communications, cellular-communications, and
aerial communications and networks. This book focuses on the third strategy, i.e.,
enhanced situational awareness through self-organized aerial networking of UAVs. It
provides the necessary knowledge for students, researchers, and professionals to gain
an understanding of the research challenges in UAV networks and communications.
Collaborating with several eminent research scholars and subject matter experts, the
editors developed nine chapters that take the reader from the foundations to active
researchtopicsinthisexcitingdomain.
Thefirstchapter,“IntroductiontoUAVSystems,”introducesthereadertoUAVtypes
andmissions.ItprovidesthebackgroundandcontextforUAVsandUAVnetworkswith
afocusontheircivilianapplications.Italsodiscussesthestate-of-the-artinengineering
andtechnologyaspectsofUAVnetworksandthebenefitsofdeployingsuchnetworks.
The second chapter, “Air-to-Ground and Air-to-Air Data Link Communication,”
provides the background on wireless communication used in manned aviation. It
discusses the technologies proposed for L-band Digital Aeronautical Communication.
Itprovidesthefundamentalinsightsrelevantforaerialcommunicationonunmannedand
small UAVs, learned from experience with the advanced terrestrial mobile broadband
communicationextrapolatedtotheaerialcase.
Thethirdchapter,“AerialWi-FiNetworks,”providesthecharacteristicsofaeriallinks
in three-dimensional space (3D). Aerial networks differ from other wireless networks,
suchasmobileadhocnetworksorvehicularadhocnetworks.Itdiscussesthecommu-
nicationrequirementsforaerialnetworkapplicationsintermsofthroughput,delay,data
xiii
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