Uav Communications for 5G and Beyond

452 Pages·2021·19.341 MB·English

by  Yong Zeng, Ismail Guvenc, Rui Zhang, Giovanni Geraci, David W. Matolak

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UAVCommunicationsfor5GandBeyond
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UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond
Edited by
Yong Zeng
SoutheastUniversity,China
Jiangsu,China
and
PurpleMountainLaboratories
(cid:2) Jiangsu,China (cid:2)
Ismail Guvenc
NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
NC,USA
Rui Zhang
NationalUniversityofSingapore
Singapore
Giovanni Geraci
UniversitatPompeuFabra
Barcelona,Spain
David W. Matolak
UniversityofSouthCarolina
SC,USA
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2021
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Zeng,Yong(ProfessoratSoutheastUniversity),author.|
Guvenc,Ismail(ProfessoratNorthCarolinaStateUniversity)|Zhang,Rui(ProfessoratNational
UniversityofSingapore),author.|Geraci,Giovanni(AssistantProfessoratUniversitatPompeuFabra),
author.|Matolak,DavidW.,author.|JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,publisher.
Title:UAVcommunicationsfor5Gandbeyond/YongZeng,IsmailGuvenc,Rui
Zhang,GiovanniGeraci,DavidW.Matolak.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:Wiley-IEEEPress,[2021]|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2020030506(print)|LCCN2020030507(ebook)|ISBN
9781119575696(hardback)|ISBN9781119575672(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119575726(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Droneaircraft–Controlsystems.|
Aeronautics–Communicationsystems.|Mobilecommunicationsystems.|5G
mobilecommunicationsystems.
Classification:LCCTL589.4.Z4652021(print)|LCCTL589.4(ebook)|
DDC629.135/5–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020030506
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020030507
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:©Waitforlight/GettyImages
Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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v
Contents
ListofContributors xvii
Acronyms xxi
PartI FundamentalsofUAVCommunications 1
1 Overview 3
QingqingWu,YongZeng,andRuiZhang
1.1 UAVDefinitions,Classes,andGlobalTrend 3
(cid:2) 1.2 UAVCommunicationandSpectrumRequirement 4 (cid:2)
1.3 PotentialExistingTechnologiesforUAVCommunications 6
1.3.1 DirectLink 6
1.3.2 Satellite 7
1.3.3 Ad-HocNetwork 8
1.3.4 CellularNetwork 8
1.4 TwoParadigmsinCellularUAVCommunications 9
1.4.1 Cellular-ConnectedUAVs 9
1.4.2 UAV-AssistedWirelessCommunications 10
1.5 NewOpportunitiesandChallenges 11
1.5.1 HighAltitude 11
1.5.2 HighLoSProbability 12
1.5.3 High3DMobility 12
1.5.4 SWAPConstraints 13
1.6 ChapterSummaryandMainOrganizationoftheBook 13
References 15
2 ASurveyofAir-to-GroundPropagationChannelModelingfor
UnmannedAerialVehicles 17
WahabKhawaja,IsmailGuvenc,DavidW.Matolak,Uwe-CarstenFiebig,andNicolas
Schneckenberger
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 LiteratureReview 20
2.2.1 LiteratureReviewonAerialPropagation 20
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vi Contents
2.2.2 ExistingSurveysonUAVAGPropagation 21
2.3 UAVAGPropagationCharacteristics 22
2.3.1 ComparisonofUAVAGandTerrestrialPropagation 22
2.3.2 FrequencyBandsforUAVAGPropagation 23
2.3.3 ScatteringCharacteristicsforAGPropagation 24
2.3.4 AntennaConfigurationsforAGPropagation 24
2.3.5 DopplerEffects 25
2.4 AGChannelMeasurements:Configurations,Challenges,Scenarios,
andWaveforms 25
2.4.1 ChannelMeasurementConfigurations 26
2.4.2 ChallengesinAGChannelMeasurements 29
2.4.3 AGPropagationScenarios 29
2.4.3.1 OpenSpace 31
2.4.3.2 Hilly/Mountainous 31
2.4.3.3 Forest 32
2.4.3.4 Water/Sea 32
2.4.4 ElevationAngleEffects 32
2.5 UAVAGPropagationMeasurementandSimulationResultsinthe
Literature 33
2.5.1 PathLoss/Shadowing 33
2.5.2 DelayDispersion 36
(cid:2) 2.5.3 NarrowbandFadingandRiceanK-factor 36 (cid:2)
2.5.4 DopplerSpread 37
2.5.5 EffectsofUAVAGMeasurementEnvironment 37
2.5.5.1 Urban/Suburban 38
2.5.5.2 Rural/OpenField 38
2.5.5.3 Mountains/Hilly,OverSea,Forest 39
2.5.6 SimulationsforChannelCharacterization 40
2.6 UAVAGPropagationModels 41
2.6.1 AGPropagationChannelModelTypes 41
2.6.2 Path-LossandLarge-ScaleFadingModels 42
2.6.2.1 Free-SpacePath-LossModel 43
2.6.2.2 Floating-InterceptPath-LossModel 43
2.6.2.3 Dual-SlopePath-LossModel 43
2.6.2.4 Log-DistancePath-LossModel 45
2.6.2.5 ModifiedFSPLModel 45
2.6.2.6 Two-RayPLModel 45
2.6.2.7 Log-DistanceFIModel 45
2.6.2.8 LOS/NLOSMixturePath-LossModel 46
2.6.3 AirframeShadowing 47
2.6.4 Small-ScaleFadingModels 47
2.6.5 IntermittentMPCs 48
2.6.6 EffectofFrequencyBandsonChannelModels 51
2.6.7 MIMOAGPropagationChannelModels 52
2.6.8 ComparisonofDifferentAGChannelModels 54
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Contents vii
2.6.8.1 Large-ScaleFadingModels 54
2.6.8.2 Small-ScaleFadingModels 54
2.6.9 ComparisonofTraditionalChannelModelswithUAVAGPropagationChannel
Models 55
2.6.10 RayTracingSimulations 56
2.6.11 3GPPChannelModelsforUAVs 58
2.7 Conclusions 60
References 60
3 UAVDetectionandIdentification 71
MartinsEzuma,FatihErden,ChethanKumarAnjinappa,OzgurOzdemir,
IsmailGuvenc,andDavidMatolak
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 RF-BasedUAVDetectionTechniques 75
3.2.1 RFFingerprintingTechnique 76
3.2.2 WiFiFingerprintingTechnique 76
3.3 MultistageUAVRFSignalDetection 77
3.3.1 PreprocessingStep:MultiresolutionAnalysis 78
3.3.2 TheNaiveBayesianDecisionMechanismforRFSignalDetection 82
3.3.3 DetectionofWiFiandBluetoothInterference 84
3.4 UAVClassificationUsingRFFingerprints 89
(cid:2) 3.4.1 FeatureSelectionUsingNeighborhoodComponentsAnalysis(NCA) 91 (cid:2)
3.5 ExperimentalResults 92
3.5.1 ExperimentalSetup 92
3.5.2 DetectionResults 94
3.5.3 UAVClassificationResults 95
3.6 Conclusion 100
Acknowledgments 100
References 100
PartII Cellular-ConnectedUAVCommunications 103
4 PerformanceAnalysisforCellular-ConnectedUAVs 105
M.MahdiAzari,FernandoRosas,andSofiePollin
4.1 Introduction 105
4.1.1 Motivation 105
4.1.2 RelatedWorks 107
4.1.3 ContributionsandChapterStructure 108
4.2 ModellingPreliminaries 109
4.2.1 StochasticGeometry 109
4.2.2 NetworkArchitecture 110
4.2.3 ChannelModel 111
4.2.4 BlockageModelingandLoSProbability 112
4.2.5 UserAssociationStrategyandLinkSINR 112
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viii Contents
4.3 PerformanceAnalysis 112
4.3.1 ExactCoverageProbability 113
4.3.2 ApproximationsforUAVCoverageProbability 115
4.3.2.1 DiscardingNLoSandNoiseEffects 116
4.3.2.2 MomentMatching 116
4.3.3 AchievableThroughputandAreaSpectralEfficiencyAnalysis 118
4.4 SystemDesign:StudyCasesandDiscussion 119
4.4.1 AnalysisofAccuracy 119
4.4.2 DesignParameters 120
4.4.2.1 ImpactofUAVAltitude 120
4.4.2.2 ImpactofUAVAntennaBeamwidth 121
4.4.2.3 ImpactofUAVAntennaTilt 123
4.4.2.4 ImpactofDifferentTypesofEnvironment 123
4.4.3 HeterogeneousNetworks–TierSelection 125
4.4.4 NetworkDensification 127
4.5 Conclusion 129
References 136
5 PerformanceEnhancementsforLTE-ConnectedUAVs:Experiments
andSimulations 139
RafhaelMedeirosdeAmorim,JeroenWigard,IstvánZ.Kovács,
(cid:2) andTroelsB.Sørensen (cid:2)
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 LTELiveNetworkMeasurements 140
5.2.1 DownlinkExperiments 141
5.2.2 Path-LossModelCharacterization 145
5.2.3 UplinkExperiments 145
5.3 PerformanceinLTENetworks 149
5.4 ReliabilityEnhancements 150
5.4.1 InterferenceCancellation 151
5.4.2 Inter-CellInterferenceControl 152
5.4.3 CoMP 152
5.4.4 AntennaBeamSelection 153
5.4.5 DualLTEAccess 155
5.4.6 DedicatedSpectrum 158
5.4.7 Discussion 158
5.5 SummaryandOutlook 159
References 160
6 3GPPStandardizationforCellular-SupportedUAVs 163
Helka-LiinaMäättänen
6.1 ShortIntroductiontoLTEandNR 163
6.1.1 LTEPhysicalLayerandMIMO 165
6.1.2 NRPhysicalLayerandMIMO 166
6.2 DronesServedbyMobileNetworks 167
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Contents ix
6.2.1 InterferenceDetectionandMitigation 168
6.2.2 MobilityforDrones 170
6.2.3 NeedforDroneIdentificationandAuthorization 171
6.3 3GPPStandardizationSupportforUAVs 172
6.3.1 MeasurementReportingBasedonRSRPLevelofMultipleCells 172
6.3.2 Height,Speed,andLocationReporting 174
6.3.3 UplinkPowerControlEnhancement 175
6.3.4 FlightPathSignalling 175
6.3.5 DroneAuthorizationandIdentification 176
6.4 FlyingModeDetectioninCellularNetworks 177
References 179
7 EnhancedCellularSupportforUAVswithMassiveMIMO 181
GiovanniGeraci,AdrianGarcia-Rodriguez,LorenzoGalatiGiordano,
andDavidLópez-Pérez
7.1 Introduction 181
7.2 SystemModel 181
7.2.1 CellularNetworkTopology 183
7.2.2 SystemModel 184
7.2.3 MassiveMIMOChannelEstimation 186
7.2.4 MassiveMIMOSpatialMultiplexing 186
(cid:2) 7.3 Single-UserDownlinkPerformance 187 (cid:2)
7.3.1 UAVDownlinkC&CChannel 187
7.4 MassiveMIMODownlinkPerformance 190
7.4.1 UAVDownlinkC&CChannel 190
7.4.2 UAV–GUEDownlinkInterplay 192
7.5 EnhancedDownlinkPerformance 194
7.5.1 UAVDownlinkC&CChannel 195
7.5.2 UAV–GUEDownlinkInterplay 196
7.6 UplinkPerformance 197
7.6.1 UAVUplinkC&CChannelandDataStreaming 197
7.6.2 UAV–GUEUplinkInterplay 198
7.7 Conclusions 199
References 200
8 High-CapacityMillimeterWaveUAVCommunications 203
NuriaGonzález-Prelcic,RobertW.Heath,CristianRusu,andAldebaroKlautau
8.1 Motivation 203
8.2 UAVRolesandUseCasesEnabledbyMillimeterWaveCommunication 206
8.2.1 UAVRolesinCellularNetworks 206
8.2.2 UAVUseCasesEnabledbyHigh-CapacityCellularNetworks 207
8.3 AerialChannelModelsatMillimeterWaveFrequencies 208
8.3.1 PropagationConsiderationsforAerialChannels 208
8.3.1.1 AtmosphericConsiderations 208
8.3.1.2 Blockages 210
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8.3.2 Air-to-AirMillimeterWaveChannelModel 211
8.3.3 Air-to-GroundMillimeterWaveChannelModel 212
8.3.4 RayTracingasaTooltoObtainChannelMeasurements 214
8.4 KeyAspectsofUAVMIMOCommunicationatmmWaveFrequencies 215
8.5 EstablishingAerialmmWaveMIMOLinks 219
8.5.1 BeamTrainingandTrackingforUAVMillimeterWaveCommunication 219
8.5.2 ChannelEstimationandTrackinginAerialEnvironments 219
8.5.3 DesignofHybridPrecodersandCombiners 221
8.6 ResearchOpportunities 222
8.6.1 SensingattheTower 222
8.6.2 JointCommunicationandRadar 222
8.6.3 PositioningandMapping 223
8.7 Conclusions 223
References 223
PartIII UAV-AssistedWirelessCommunications 231
9 StochasticGeometry-BasedPerformanceAnalysisofDroneCellular
Networks 233
MortezaBanagar,VishnuV.Chetlur,andHarpreetS.Dhillon
(cid:2) 9.1 Introduction 233 (cid:2)
9.2 OverviewoftheSystemModel 235
9.2.1 SpatialModel 235
9.2.2 3GPP-InspiredMobilityModel 236
9.2.3 ChannelModel 237
9.2.4 MetricsofInterest 237
9.3 AverageRate 238
9.4 HandoverProbability 242
9.5 ResultsandDiscussion 246
9.5.1 DensityofInterferingDBSs 247
9.5.2 AverageRate 247
9.5.3 HandoverProbability 249
9.6 Conclusion 250
Acknowledgment 251
References 251
10 UAVPlacementandAerial–GroundInterferenceCoordination 255
AbhaykumarKumbharandIsmailGuvenc
10.1 Introduction 255
10.2 LiteratureReview 256
10.3 UABSUseCaseforAG-HetNets 259
10.4 UABSPlacementinAG-HetNet 260
10.5 AG-HetNetDesignGuidelines 264
10.5.1 Path-LossModel 265
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Contents xi
10.5.1.1 Log-DistancePath-LossModel 265
10.5.1.2 Okumura–HataPath-LossModel 266
10.6 Inter-CellInterferenceCoordination 266
10.6.1 UEAssociationandScheduling 269
10.7 SimulationResults 270
10.7.1 5pSEwithUABSsDeployedonHexagonalGrid 270
10.7.1.1 5pSEwithLog-NormalPath-LossModel 270
10.7.1.2 5pSEwithOkumura–HataPath-LossModel 271
10.7.2 5pSEwithGA-BasedUABSDeploymentOptimization 273
10.7.2.1 5pSEwithLog-NormalPath-LossModel 273
10.7.2.2 5pSEwithOkumura–HataPath-Lossmodel 275
10.7.3 PerformanceComparisonBetweenFixed(Hexagonal)andOptimizedUABS
DeploymentwitheICICandFeICIC 276
10.7.3.1 InfluenceofLDPLMon5pSE 277
10.7.3.2 InfluenceofOHPLMon5pSE 277
10.7.4 ComparisonofComputationTimeforDifferentUABSDeployment
Algorithms 277
10.8 Concludingremarks 279
References 279
11 JointTrajectoryandResourceOptimization 283
(cid:2) YongZeng,QingqingWu,andRuiZhang (cid:2)
11.1 GeneralProblemFormulation 283
11.2 InitialPathPlanningviatheTravelingSalesmanandPickup-and-Delivery
Problems 285
11.2.1 TSPwithoutReturn 286
11.2.2 TSPwithGivenInitialandFinalLocations 287
11.2.3 TSPwithNeighborhood 287
11.2.4 Pickup-and-DeliveryProblem 288
11.3 TrajectoryDiscretization 290
11.3.1 TimeDiscretization 290
11.3.2 PathDiscretization 291
11.4 BlockCoordinateDescent 291
11.5 SuccessiveConvexApproximation 292
11.6 UnifiedAlgorithm 295
11.7 Summary 296
References 296
12 Energy-EfficientUAVCommunications 299
YongZengandRuiZhang
12.1 UAVEnergyConsumptionModel 299
12.1.1 Fixed-WingEnergyModel 300
12.1.1.1 ForcesonaUAV 300
12.1.1.2 StraightandLevelFlight 301
12.1.1.3 CircularFlight 302
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