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Twort’s Water Supply Twort’s Water Supply Seventh Edition Malcolm J. Brandt BSc, FICE, FCIWEM, MIWater K. Michael Johnson BSc, FICE, FCIWEM Andrew J. Elphinston BSc, MIChemE, MCIWEM Don D. Ratnayaka BSc, DIC, MSc, FIChemE, FCIWEM AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyrightr2017MalcolmJ.Brandt,K.MichaelJohnson,AndrewJ.Elphinston,DonD.Ratnayaka.PublishedbyElsevierLtd. Allrightsreserved. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-08-100025-0 ForInformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com Publisher:JoeHayton AcquisitionEditor:KenMcCombs EditorialProjectManager:PeterJardim ProductionProjectManager:KiruthikaGovindaraju Designer:GregHarris TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Coverimages: BlackEskDam Dumphries&Galloway,Scotland. RaisingoftheBlackEskearthfilldamtoincreasestorageby40%,worksdesignedbyBlack&Veatch.Thework,completedin2013,raises theoverflowlevelby2.5mandinvolvedtheinnovativeapplicationofprecastconcretesectionsin“piano-key”formtoraisethecrestofthe existingbellmouthspillwayandtoaccommodatethepeakdesignfloodoutflowof183m3/s,withafloodsurchargeof0.97m. PhotographsbycourtesyofScottishWater. Authors’ Biographic Details The four authors, with combined experience of over 160 years, working for Binnie & Partners and then Black & Veatch, have written this text with the practicing water supply engineer in mind. However, the book willalsobe essential reading for students ofwater engineering. Malcolm J.Brandt Global Practice Technology Leader Civilengineer specializing in water supply planning and distributionsystem management; responsi- bilities include research in the United Kingdom and overseas, as well as project execution in the UnitedKingdom, Europe, Asia, Middle East, and North and South America. K. Michael Johnson Technical Director Civil engineer for design of large and small works, such as dams, spillways, intakes, pipelines, tun- nels, pumping stations, conventional water treatment, reverse osmosis, and water storage in the UnitedKingdom, South andCentral America,Middle East, and Far East. AndrewJ. Elphinston Technical Director Chemical engineer specializing in potable water treatment, including both conventional and advanced treatment processes, with experience in the United Kingdom, North and Southern Africa, and Far East. Don D.Ratnayaka Global Practice Technology Leader Chemical engineer with extensive specialist knowledge of water treatment techniques; responsible for all aspects of water treatment process design for projects in the United Kingdom, Europe, Africa, Asian subcontinent, Middle East, Far East,and Australia. xxv Foreword Twort’s Water Supply (and its predecessor—Water Supply) has been the first reference for many water engineers in the United Kingdom and internationally for over 50 years. In an age when a huge amount of information is accessible on the internet, some of unknown provenance, it is invaluabletotheengineerengagedinwatersupply,andtostudentsofthesubject,tohave aconcise source of reliable guidance to hand. With the help of specialist contributors from the United Kingdom andthe United States, the authors have managed toconvey a large amountofinformation in asingle volume. They have ensured, by means of extensive cross references, that the attentionof the reader is drawn to all significant related matters, across all the disciplines involved in engineer- ing new water supply facilities oringetting the mostout ofexistingones. In the last decade the strains of rapid industrialization, rising population, and conflict are mak- ing themselves increasingly felt on basic infrastructure in many parts of the world, including water supplies and sanitation facilities. For huge numbers of people the provision and maintenance of even a basic supply of safe water seems to be an endless struggle. Meanwhile, the focus of atten- tion globally, but particularly in post-industrialized nations, has moved to the quality of water in river basins, to more effective use of resources and assets, and to the treatment of the increasing number of pollutantsof concern. This Seventh Edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect current issues. It brings in two new chapters to allow extensive new material to be included on waste and energy efficiency and on water intakes, and for those needing further information, the references have been updated and increased in number. It is confidently expected that this new edition, like its predecessors, will prove to be an essential reference for those involved in the education and practice of water supply systems. Nigel J.D. GrahamMA (Cantab), MSc, PhD, ScD (Cantab), FICE, FIChemE, FCIWEM Department ofCiviland Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London October 2015 xxvii Preface Since the first edition of the book was published in 1963, Water Supply has provided the practicing water engineer with a practical treatise on all aspects of the water supply in one book. The reader- ship of more recent editions has broadened to include students of engineering and it is now used as a standard text in many universities as well as a reference manual for water industry professionals worldwide. The Sixth Edition recognized the valuable contribution of Alan Twort, the lead author and edi- tor of the first five editions, by including his name in the title Twort’s Water Supply. We are pleased to continue to honor Alan’s valuable contribution to water engineering in the same way in this edition. The Seventh Edition benefits from the extensive experience of nearly 30 UK and US specialists from across the water industry. The content has been expanded, revised, and updated to reflect the significant changes in the industry including international regulation, recognition of performance with respect to the customer, conservation, and the efficient use of resources and technology. Practice in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, and worldwide is included. In addition, the index has been considerably enlargedto improve accessibility. The book is structured to reflect the process of water supply from understanding demand for water, statutory, regulatory, water quality, financing, and economic aspects of the provision of wholesome water to the consumer, and then through the water cycle from abstraction through treat- ment to storage and distribution. The content addresses hydraulic and system design, pipelines, valves, pumps and other MEICA plant, dams, intakes and waste treatment, and energy demand reduction. The text gives updated standards for drinking water and describes in detail the significance of the large number of chemicals and organisms, which now present, in raw waters, a potential hazard to human health. Conventional and specialized treatment processes, disinfection, and waste treat- ment are covered in five separate chapters. A new chapter brings together the storage and dosing of treatment chemicals and sampling. Developing technologies, such as membrane filtration and advanced treatment methods for micropollutants, are also dealt with. Desalination by reverse osmo- sis and thermal processes is covered. A new chapter on intakes has allowed major expansion on this subject and coverage ofpipelines has been increased. The authors are grateful to the many contributors and reviewers who have aided the production of thisSeventh Edition and toBlack &Veatch for permitting use oftheir work. Malcolm J. Brandt K.Michael Johnson AndrewJ. Elphinston Don D.Ratnayaka xxix Abbreviations for Organizations ADB Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines API American PetroleumInstitute,Washington, DC, USA ASCE American SocietyofCivilEngineers, Reston, VA, USA ASME American SocietyofMechanical Engineers, New York, USA AWWA American Waterworks Association, Denver, USA AwwaRF American Waterworks AssociationResearchFoundation,Denver, USA BDS British Dam Society, London, UK BGS British GeologicalSurvey, Nottingham,UK BHRA British Hydromechanics Group, Cranfield, UK BRE Building ResearchEstablishment,Watford, UK BSI British Standards Institution, London, UK BW British Water, London,UK CIRIA Construction Industry Research& InformationAssociation, London, UK CIWEM Chartered InstitutionofWater &Environmental Management, London,UK CRC Chemical Rubber Company, FL, USA CEH Centrefor Ecology &Hydrology (previously IoH), Wallingford,UK CEU Councilofthe European Union,Brussels, Belgium Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,London, UK DETR Department ofEnvironment, Transport and Regions, London, UK DFID Department for International Development, London,UK DHSS Department ofHealth and Social Services, London,UK DoE Department ofthe Environment, London, UK DWI Drinking Water Inspectorate, London, UK EA TheEnvironment Agency, Bristol, UK EC European Community(now European Union) EEA European Environment Agency,Copenhagen, Denmark FAO Foodand Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy FWR Foundation for Water Research,Marlow, UK HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (now TSO),London,UK HSE Healthand Safety Executive, London, UK IAHS International Association ofHydrological Sciences,Wallingford, UK IAM Institute ofAsset Management, Bristol, UK IChemE Institutionof ChemicalEngineers, Rugby,UK ICOLD International Committee ofLarge Dams, Paris, France IEC International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland IET Institute ofEngineering Technology, London, UK IoH Institute ofHydrology, Wallingford,UK IMechE Institute ofMechanical Engineers, London, UK ISO International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland IUVA International Ultraviolet Association, Ontario,Canada xxxi xxxii Abbreviations for Organizations IWA/IWSA International Water Association, The Hague, Netherlands IWEM/IWES Institutionof Water Engineers (& Scientists),London,UK NEWA New EnglandWaterworks Association, Massachusetts, USA NERC Natural Environmental Research Council,Swindon, UK NFPA National Fire ProtectionAgency, Massachusetts, USA NFPA National Fire ProtectionAssociation, Ascot,UK Ofwat/WSRA Water Services Regulation Authority, Birmingham,UK (TermOfwatstill used) PWC Portsmouth Water Company, Portsmouth, UK SEPA ScottishEnvironmental Protection Agency,Stirling, Scotland, UK STW Severn Trent Water, Coventry, UK SWTE Societyfor Water Treatment and Examination, London, UK TSO The Stationery Office (previously HMSO), London, UK TWU ThamesWater Utilities,Reading,UK UKWIR UK Water Industry ResearchLtd., London, UK UN UnitedNations, New York,USA UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific andCulturalOrganisation, Paris, France UNICEF UN Children’sFund,New York, USA USACE US Army Corps ofEngineers, Washington, DC,USA USBR UnitedStatesBureau ofReclamation, Washington,DC, USA US EPA US Environmental Protection Agency,USA USGS UnitedStatesGeological Survey, Washington, USA WEDC Water Education DevelopmentCentre,Loughborough,UK WHO World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland WMO World MeteorologicalOrganization, Geneva, Switzerland WRc Water Research Centre, Medmenham, UK WSA Water Services Association, London, UK WSRT—Aqua Water Supply:Research Technology—Aqua, IWA, The Hague, Netherlands Contributing Authors, Reviewers and Advisors CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Black & Veatch IanBarkerBSc,FIET Chief Engineer (Electrical) Dipankar Basak BEng, MCIWEM,MICorr Chief Pipeline Engineer, (now with MWH) Nicholas BurnsBS, MS Ozone Technology Leader (Ozone) Peter B. Clark MA, MSc, FICE Consultant (Hydraulics) Scott Freeman BS, BA Membrane TechnologyLeader (Membrane processes) John Hall BSc,MCIWEM Consultant (Hydrology,Surface Supplies and Floods) Tim A.HolmesBSc Chief Instrumentation and Control Engineer (I&C) Robert Hulsey BS, MS Global Practice Technology Leader - Water (Advanced OxidationProcesses andUV) Roger A.Middleton MPhil, FIMechE Consultant (Sustainability and Renewable Energy) John L. Petrie BSc, MSc, FGS Consultant (Hydrogeologist,Groundwater Supplies) Hari R. Shah BSc, MICE, MASCE Consultant (Water Intakes) Bryan Townsend BS, MS UV Technology Leader (Advanced Oxidation Processes and UV) David J.WinzerBSc, MSc, MICE Team Leader, Pipelines and Outfalls Others Simon Cole BSc, Dphil, MCIWEM, Microbiology& Public Health Manager Wessex Water (Microbiology) Sharon Evans MSc, MRSC,MBA HeadofWater Quality, Dwr Cymru Welsh Water (Water Quality Issues and Standards) Vikki Williams BSc, MCIWEM, MIAM Principal Consultant (cid:1)Energy andUtilities, PA Consulting Group xxxiii xxxiv Contributing Authors, Reviewers and Advisors REVIEWERS AND ADVISORS John Ackers BSc, FICE Black & Veatch Michelle AshfordBEng, MCIWEM, MIWater Bristol Water Terry HeardBSc,MRSC, MCIWEM Consultant StephenMurray BSc, Eng, MICE Black & Veatch James Ostrowski BSc, MIChemE, MCIWEM Black & Veatch Alvin J. Smith BSc, MSc Consultant ClaireR. Stacey FRSC, MIWO Consultant SarahStyan BA, MA Black & Veatch H. JaneWalbanckeBSc,MSc, PhD, FGS,MICE Black & Veatch ATTRIBUTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS Thenamesof the organisationsacknowledged inconnectionwithillustrations are thosecurrent at the time the illustrations were produced. Wherean organisationhas since changed its name or has been acquired by another, the new name is given below: Sir Alexander Binnie, Son &Deacon Black & Veatch Binnie& Partners Black & Veatch BinnieBlack &Veatch Black & Veatch Paterson Candy Ltd Black & Veatch
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