Two-Dimensional Systems: Physics and New Devices: Proceedings of the International Winter School, Mauterndorf, Austria, February 24–28, 1986

335 Pages·1986·12.143 MB·English

by  Y. Horikoshi, N. Kobayashi, H. Sugiura (auth.), Professor Dr. Günther Bauer, Professor Dr. Friedemar Kuchar, Professor Dr. Helmut Heinrich (eds.)

67
Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences
Edited by KlausvonKlitzing
Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences
Editors: M. Cardona P. Fulde K. vonKlitzing H.-J. Queisser
40 Semiconductor Physics An Introduction 55 The Theory or Magnetism 11
3rd Edition By K. Seeger Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
By D. C. Mattis
41 The LMTO Method
Muffin-Tin Orbitals and Electronic Structure 56 Spin f1uctuations in Itinerant Electron
By H. L. Skriver Magnetism By T. Moriya
42 CrystaJ Optics with Spatial Dispersion,
57 Polycrystalline Semiconductors,
and Excitons
Physical Properties and Applications
By V.M. Agranovich and V.L. Ginzburg
Editor: G. Harbeke
43 Resonant Nonlinear Interactions or
Light with Matter 58 The Recursion Method and Its Applications
By V.S. Butylkin, A.E. Kaplan, Editors: D. Pettifor and D. Weaire
Yu. G. Khronopulo, and E.I. Yakubovich
59 DynamicaI Processes and
44 Elastic Media with Microstructure 11 Ordering on Solid Surfaces
Three-Dimensional Models Editors: A. Yoshimori and M. Tsukada
By I.A. Kunin
60 Excitonic Processes in Solids
45 Electronic Properties or Doped Semiconductors
By M. Veta, H. Kanzaki, K. Kobayashi,
By B. I. Shklovskii and A. L. Efros
Y. Toyozawa, and E. Hanamura
46 TopologicaI Düorder in Condensed Matter
Editors: F. Yonezawa and T. Ninomiya 61 LoeaJization, Interaction, and
Transport Phenomena
47 Statits and Dynamits or Nonlioear Systems Editors: B. Kramer, G. Bergmann,
Editors: G. Benedek, H. Bilz, and R. Zeyher and Y. Bruynseraede
48 Magnetic Phase Transitions 62 Theory ofHeavy Fermions
Editors: M. Ausloos and R.J. Elliou and Valence f1uctuations
Editors: T. Kasuya and T. Saso
49 Organic Molecular Aggregates, Electronic
Excitation and Interaction Processes
Editors: P. Reineker, H. Haken, and H. C. Wolf 63 Elemonic Properties of
Polymers and Related Compounds
50 Multiple Diffraction or X-Rays in Crystals Editors: H. Kuzmany, M. Mehring, and S. Roth
By Shih-Lin Chang
64 Synunetries in Physics, Group Theory
51 Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter Applied to Physical Problems
Editors: W. Eisenmenger, K. LaBmann, ByW. Ludwig
and S. Döuinger
65 Phonons: Theory and Experiments 11
52 Superconductivity in Magnetic and Exotic
Experiments and Interpretation of
Materials
Experimental Results
Editors: T. Matsubara and A. Kotani
By P. Brüesch
53 Two-Dimensional Systems. Heterostmctures,
66 Phonons: Theory and Experiments 111
and Superlattices
Editors: G. Bauer. F. Kuchar, and H. Heinrich By P. Brüesch
54 Magnetic Excitations and f1uctuatious 67 Two-Dimensional Systems: Physics
Editors: S. Lovesey, U. Balucani, F. Borsa, and New Devices
and V. Togneui Editors: G. Bauer, F. Kuchar, and H. Heinrich
Volumes 1-39 are listed on the back inside cover
Two-Dimensional Systems:
Physics and New Devices
Proceedings of the International Winter School
Mauterndorf, Austria, February 24-28, 1986
Editors:
G. Bauer, F. Kuchar, and H. Heinrich
With 201 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Professor Dr. Günther Bauer
Institut für Physik, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18
A-8700 Leoben, Austria
Professor Dr. Friedemar Kuchar
Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Wien, A-I090 Wien, Austria
Professor Dr. Helmut Heinrich
Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria
Series Editors:
Professor Or., Dr. h. c. Manuel Cardona
Professor Dr., Dr. h. c. Peter Fulde
Professor Dr. Klaus von Klitzing
Professor Or. Hans-Joachim Queisser
Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1
D-7000 Stuttgart 80, Fed. Rep. of Germany
ISBN 978-3-662-02472-0 ISBN 978-3-662-02470-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-02470-6
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting. reUSe of illustrations, broadeasting. reproduction by
photoeopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright
Law, where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort",
Munich.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1986.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1986
The use of registered names. trademarks, ete. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a
specifie statement, that sueh names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and
therefore free for general use.
Offset printing: Beltz Offsetdruck, 6944 HemsbachIBergstr.
2153/3150-543210
Preface
In the series of International Winter Schools on New Developments in
Solid State Physics, the fourth one was devoted to the subject: "Two
Dimensional Systems: Physics and Devices". For the second time the pro
ceedings of one of these Winter Schools appear as a volume in the Springer
Series in Solid-State Sciences (the earlier proceedings were published as
Vol. 53). The school was held in the castle of MauterndorfjSalzburg
(Austria) February 24-28, 1986. These proceedings contain contributions
ba:sed on the thirty invited lectures. The school was attended by 179
registered participants (40% students), who came from western European
countries, the United States of America, Japan, the People's Republic of
China and Poland.
As far as the subjects are conterned, several papers deal with the
growth and characterization of heterostructures. Dynamical RHEED tech
niques are described as a tool for in situ studies of MBE growth mech
anisms. Various growth techniques, including MBE, MOMBE, MOCVD
and modifications of these, are discussed. The limiting fa.ctors for the
carrier mobilities and the inftuence of the spacer thickness in single het
erostructures of GaAs/GaAIAs seem to be understood and are no longer a
matter of controversy. In addition, the growth of two fascinating systems,
Si/SiGe and Hgl _x Cdx Te/CdTe, is discussed in detail.
A whole part is devoted to the subject of band edge discontinuities,
which were not treated at all in the previous volume. Both experimental
and theoretical contributions are presented. For GaAs/GaAIAs (for x =
0.3) a tendency towards a 60:40 ratio (ratio of the conduction to valence
band discontinuity) is manifested.
Doping and compositional superlattices are treated, with regard to
bot.h their basic physics and their potential applications. These topics in
clude nipi and the new sawtooth superlattices. The optical and electronic
properties ofSi/SiGe superlattices and possible optoelectronic applications
of these structures are discussed.
The recent developments in bound states in quantum wells and two
dimensional impurity layers are reviewed. Of course, reviews on the
present status of understanding of the integer and fractional quantum Hall
v
effects are also presented. Experimental papers deal with the observation
of the integer quantum Hall effect at microwave frequencies and with the
fractional quantum Hall eifect. The significance of the observed fractions
with even denominators is discussed. New determinations of the density
of states of Landau levels in the quantum Hall eifect regime from activated
transport, capacitance, specific heat and magnetization measurements are
presented.
Beside the device-related papers on growth and characterization, sev
eral papers deal with transport properties of two-dimensional electron gas
devices, e.g. tunnelling devices, hot-carrier transport in submicron MOS
FETs, microwave FETs (TEGFET, HEMT).
Whereas in the proceedings of the Winter School which was held two
years aga the tutorial aspect was emphasized by many speakers, the new
volume contains thorough reviews of the most recent developments in the
topics mentioned above. We have also included papers on time-resolved
spectroscopy of two-dimensional systems, a rapidly developing field of re
search, and the fascinating subject of electronic excitations in microstruc
tured MIS and heterostructures. These two volumes now cover a broad
spectrum of our present-day knowledge of the physics of two-dimensional
systems.
The organizers are grateful to the authors, attendants and competitors
in the final ski-race, who all helped to contribute to a successful meeting.
It is a pleasure 1.0 acknowledge the generous financial support received
from
Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Austria,
European Office of Aerospace Research and Development,
Österreichische Forschungsgemeinschaft,
Österreichische Physikalische Gesellschaft,
OfficE' of Naval Research,
Salzburger Landesregierung,
US Army Research Development and Standardisation Group,
and from the following cumpanies: Balzers, Bomem Europe, Bruker, EG
and G. IBM Österreich, Instruments S.A. (Riber), Odelga Physik, Oxford
Instruments and VG Instruments.
Mauterndorf, Austria G. Bauer F. Kuchar
March 1986 H. Heinrich
VI
Contents
Part I Epitaxial Growth: Methods and Characterization
New Epitaxial Growth Methods and Their Applicat.ion to
Quantum WeHs and 2DEG Structures
By Y. Horikoshi, N. Kobayashi, and H. Sugiura (With 14 Figures) 2
Metalorganic MBE - A New Technique for the Growth of IU-V
Semiconductor Layers. By H. Lüth (With 11 Figures) .............. 12
Recent Developments in MBE Growth and Properties of
Hg1_xCdx TejCdTe Superlattices
By J.P. Faurie, K.C. Woo, and S. Rafol (With 3 Figures) ........... 24
Transport Properties of Two-Dimensional Electron and Hole Gases
in GaAsj AIGaAs Heterostructures
By G. Weimann and W. Schlapp (With 8 Figures) .................. 33
In Situ Study of MBE Growth Mechanisms Using RHEED
Techniques - Some Consequences of Multiple Scattering
By B.A. Joyce, P.J. Dobson, J.H. Neave, and J. Zhang
(With 7 Figures) ............ ........................................... 42
Growth Mode and Interface Structure of MBE Grown
SiGe Structures. By E. Kasper, H.-J. Herzog, H. Dämbkes,
and Th. Ricker (With 9 Figures) ..................................... 52
Part 11 Band Discontinuities
Elementary Tight-Binding Theory of Schottky-Barrier and
Heterojunction Band Line-Ups. By W.A. Harrison ................. 62
Electrical Measurements of Band Discontinuities at Heterostructure
Interfaces. By T.W. Hickmott (With 8 Figures) ..................... 72
Heuristic Approach to Band-Edge Discontinuities in
Heterostructures. By H. Heinrich and J.M. Langer
(With 4 Figures) ............ ........................................... 83
VII
Part 111 Resonant Tunnelling, Multi-Quantum-WeIl and
Superlattice Structures
Quantum Tunnelling of Electrons Through III-V Heterostructure
Barriers. By L. Eaves, D.C. Taylor, J.C. Portal, and 1. Dmowski
(With 6 Figures) ....................................................... 96
Recent Results on III-V Superlattices and Quantum Weil
Structures. By P. Voisin and M. Voos (With 5 Figures) ............ 107
Envelope Function Calculations for Superlattices
By M. Kriechbaum (With 4 Figures) ................................. 120
Optical and Electronic Properties of Si/SiGe Superlattices
By G. Abstreiter, H. Brugger, T. Wolf, R. Zachai, and Ch. Zeller
(With 10 Figures) .............................. ........................ 130
Resonant Tunneling Devices and Optoelectronic Ge/Si Superlattice
Structures. By S. Luryi and F. Capasso (With 11 Figures) ......... 140
Part IV Bound States in Quantum Wells
Far Infrared Studies of Shallow Donors in GaAs-AlGaAs Quantum
WeHs. By B.D. McCombe, N.C. Jarosik, and J.-M. Mercy
(With 7 Figures) ................................. ...................... 156
Magnet.o-Impurities and Quantum WeHs
By A. Raymond, J.L. Robert, and W. Zawadzki (With 7 Figures) 166
The 6(z) Doping Layer: Impurities in the 2-d World of
Layered Systems. By F. Koch, A. Zrenner, and M. Zachau
(With9Figures) ....................................................... 175
Part V Quantum Hall Effects and Density of States of Landau
Levels
Quantum Hall Effect Experiments at Microwave Frequencies
By R. Meisels, K.Y. Lim, F. Kuchar, G. Weimann, and W. Schlapp
(With 4 Figures) ....................................................... 184
The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect in GaAs-GaAIAs
Heterojunctions. By R.J. Nicholas, R.G. Clark, A. Usher,
J.R. Mallett, A.M. Suckling, J.J. Harris, and C.T. Foxon
(With 7 Figures) ....................................................... 194
VII'
Density of States of Landau Levels from Activated Transport and
Capacitance Experiments
By D. Weiss, K.v. Klitzing, and V. Mosser (With 13 Figures) 204
Density of States of Landau Levels from Specific Heat and
Magnetization Experiments
By R. Lassnig and E. Gornik (With 4 Figures) ...................... 218
The Integer Quantum Hall Effect: An Introduction to the Present
State of the Theory. By J. Hajdu ...................................... 228
The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
By M. Jonson .......................................................... 236
Part VI New Structures and Devices
Microwave Performances of GaAIAs/GaAs Heterostructure
Devices. By J. Chevrier and D. Delagebeaudeuf (With 8 Figures) . 250
Luminescence and Transport Properties of GaAs Sawtooth
Doping Superlattices. By E.F. Schubert, M. Hauser, B. Ullrich,
and K. Ploog (With 8 Figures) ....................................... 260
Physics and Applications of Doping Superlattices
By G.H. Dohler (With 8 Figures) ..... ................................ 270
Electronic Excitations in Microstructured Two-Dimensional
Systems. By D. Heitmann (With 8 Figures) ......................... 285
Part VII High Field Transport and Optical Excitation
Carrier Transport in Semiconductor Devices of Very Small
Dimensions. By W. Hänsch (With 7 Figures) ....................... 296
Parallel-Transport Experiments in 2D Systems
By R.A. Höpfel (With 6 Figures) ........ ............................. 304
Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Hot Carriers in Quantum WeHs
By J.F. Ryan (With 5 Figures) ........... ............................ 315
Index of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
IX