Twenty-sixth annual convention of New York State Association of the I.P.B.O.E. of W. : Improved Benevolent and Protective Order Elks of the World : May 27,28,29,30,31, 1951, Henry Lincoln Johnson Lodge No. 630, Apex Temple No. 387

728 Pages·1951·12.78 MB·English

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C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
ERGONOMICS AND HUMAN FACTORS
H A N D B O O K O F
FISHER
•
DRIVING SIMUL ATION
RIZZO
•
H A N D B O O K O F CAIRD
FOR ENGINEERING, MEDICINE,
•
LEE
DRIVING SIMULATION FOR ENGINEERING,
AND PSYCHOLOGY
MEDICINE, AND PSYCHOLOGY
To date, there has been no single, convenient and comprehensive source of information on the driving
D
simulation research being conducted around the world that can serve the needs of students, researchers, R
and professionals. Nor has there been a single repository for information regarding the numerous challenges IV
that confront both new and experienced simulator users or the broader challenges that confront the entire I
N
community. The Handbook of Driving Simulation for Engineering, Medicine, and Psychology M
G H
addresses these challenges, bringing together discussions of technical, methodological, and statistical issues E

in driving simulation with reviews of broad areas in which driving simulation is now playing a role and D S A
I I
discussions of the history, future, and international growth of driving simulation. C M
IN U N
The chapters explore: E L
, A D
•Simulator hardware and software selection A T
I
•Validation of the simulator N O B
•Visual database and scenario development D N
O

•Independent variables and dependent vehicle, psychological, and physiological variables P F
S O O
•Statistical and biostatistical analyses, including qualitative interviews and data reduction techniques Y
R
C
•Applications in psychology, engineering, and medicine K
H E
O N

As a compilation of the research from more than 100 of the world's top researchers and practitioners, the G
L
book covers basic and advanced technical topics and provides a comprehensive review of applications of O O
I
N
driving simulation in engineering, medicine, and psychology including evaluating roadway design, assessing G
E
driver impairment, and evaluating key in-vehicle technologies. It describes a wide range of simulation Y E F
scenarios that can be used by novice and experienced users, as well as many tools and techniques that R
I
can be used by those new to driving simulation. Color photographs of those scenarios and applications N
and videos of the scenarios on an accompanying web site should prove essential for experienced researchers G
and for those new to driving simulation. ,
61003
EDITED BY
DONALD L. FISHER • MATTHEW RIZZO
JEFF K. CAIRD • JOHN D. LEE

6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
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an informa business New York, NY 10016
www.crcpress.com 2 Park Square, Milton Park w w w . c r c p r e s s . c o m
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Composite
H A N D B O O K O F
DRIVING SIMULATION
FOR ENGINEERING, MEDICINE,
AND PSYCHOLOGY

H A N D B O O K O F
DRIVING SIMUL ATION
FOR ENGINEERING, MEDICINE,
AND PSYCHOLOGY
EDITED BY
DONALD L. FISHER • MATTHEW RIZZO
JEFF K. CAIRD • JOHN D. LEE
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
MATLAB® and Simulink® are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. and are used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the
text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® and Simulink® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or
sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® and Simulink® software.
Cover art: © Figge Art Museum, successors to the Estate of Nan Wood Graham/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY.
Grant Wood (American, 1892–1942)
Death on the Ridge Road, 1935
oil on masonite
frame: 39 x 46 1/16 in. (99 x 117 cm)
Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA, Gift of Cole Porter, (47.1.3)
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ ix
Editors ........................................................................................................................................................... xi
Contributors ...............................................................................................................................................xiii
Section i introduction
1 Handbook of Driving Simulation for Engineering, Medicine, and Psychology: An Overview ...........1-1
Donald L. Fisher, Jeff K. Caird, Matthew Rizzo and John D. Lee
2 A Short History of Driving Simulation .............................................................................................2-1
R. Wade Allen, Theodore J. Rosenthal and Marcia L. Cook
3 Using Driving Simulators Outside of North America ......................................................................3-1
Barry H. Kantowitz
4 The Future of Driving Simulation .....................................................................................................4-1
Peter A. Hancock and Thomas B. Sheridan
5 Twelve Practical and Useful Questions About Driving Simulation .................................................5-1
Jeff K. Caird and William J. Horrey
Section ii Selecting a Driving Simulator
Selecting the System
6 Scenario Authoring ............................................................................................................................6-1
Joseph K. Kearney and Timofey F. Grechkin
7 Physical Fidelity of Driving Simulators ..............................................................................................7-1
Jeffry Greenberg and Mike Blommer
8 Sensory and Perceptual Factors in the Design of Driving Simulation Displays ..............................8-1
George J. Andersen
9 Psychological Fidelity: Perception of Risk ........................................................................................9-1
Thomas A. Ranney
10 Surrogate Methods and Measures.................................................................................................... 10-1
Linda S. Angell
Validating the System
11 Validating Vehicle Models ................................................................................................................11-1
Chris W. Schwarz
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC v
vi Contents
12 Cross-Platform Validation Issues .................................................................................................... 12-1
Hamish Jamson
13 Simulator Validity: Behaviors Observed on the Simulator and on the Road ................................. 13-1
Nadia Mullen, Judith Charlton, Anna Devlin and Michel Bédard
Section iii conduct of Simulator experiments, Selection of Scenarios,
Dependent Variables, and evaluation of Results
Simulator Sickness
14 Simulator and Scenario Factors Influencing Simulator Sickness ....................................................14-1
Heather A. Stoner, Donald L. Fisher and Michael Mollenhauer, Jr.
Independent and Dependent Variables
15 Independent Variables: The Role of Confounding and Effect Modification ................................. 15-1
Gerald McGwin, Jr.
16 External Driver Distractions: The Effects of Video Billboards and Wind Farms on Driving
Performance ..................................................................................................................................... 16-1
Shaunna L. Milloy and Jeff K. Caird
17 Measuring Physiology in Simulators ................................................................................................17-1
Karel A. Brookhuis and Dick de Waard
18 Eye Behaviors: How Driving Simulators Can Expand Their Role in Science and Engineering ......................18-1
Donald L. Fisher, Alexander Pollatsek and William J. Horrey
19 Situation Awareness in Driving ....................................................................................................... 19-1
Leo Gugerty
Analyses of the Data
20 Simulator Data Reduction ................................................................................................................20-1
Michelle L. Reyes and John D. Lee
21 Analytical Tools ................................................................................................................................21-1
Linda Ng Boyle
22 Statistical Concepts ..........................................................................................................................22-1
Jeffrey D. Dawson
23 The Qualitative Interview ................................................................................................................23-1
Jane Moeckli
Section iV Applications in Psychology
Experience and Maturity
24 Understanding and Changing the Young Driver Problem: A Systematic Review of Randomized
Controlled Trials Conducted With Driving Simulation .................................................................24-1
Marie Claude Ouimet, Caitlin W. Duffy, Bruce G. Simons-Morton, Thomas G. Brown and Donald L. Fisher
25 The Older Driver (Training and Assessment: Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes) ..........................25-1
Karlene K. Ball and Michelle L. Ackerman
26 Methodological Issues When Conducting Research on Older Drivers ..........................................26-1
Lana M. Trick and Jeff K. Caird
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents vii
Difficult Driving Conditions: Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
27 Profiles in Cell Phone-Induced Driver Distraction .........................................................................27-1
David L. Strayer, Joel Cooper and Frank A. Drews
28 Night Driving: How Low Illumination Affects Driving and the Challenges of Simulation .........28-1
Joanne Wood and Alex Chaparro
29 Driving in States of Fatigue or Stress ..............................................................................................29-1
Gerald Matthews, Dyani J. Saxby, Gregory J. Funke, Amanda K. Emo and Paula A. Desmond
Training and Assessment: Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes
30 Driving Simulators as Training and Evaluation Tools: Novice Drivers .........................................30-1
Alexander Pollatsek, Willem Vlakveld, Bart Kappé, Anuj K. Pradhan and Donald L. Fisher
31 The Commercial Driver ....................................................................................................................31-1
Myra Blanco, Jeffrey S. Hickman, Richard J. Hanowski and Justin F. Morgan
Simulators Used for Rehabilitation
32 Driving Rehabilitation as Delivered by Driving Simulation .......................................................... 32-1
Harsimran Singh, Brent M. Barbour and Daniel J. Cox
Section V Applications in engineering
Transportation Engineering: Safety Improvements Outside the Vehicle
33 The Importance of Proper Roadway Design in Virtual Environments .......................................... 33-1
Douglas F. Evans
34 The Use of High-Fidelity Real-Time Driving Simulators for Geometric Design ...........................34-1
Thomas M. Granda, Gregory W. Davis, Vaughan W. Inman and John A. Molino
35 Traffic Signals ..................................................................................................................................35-1
David A. Noyce, Michael A. Knodler, Jr., Jeremy R. Chapman, Donald L. Fisher and Alexander Pollatsek
36 Design and Evaluation of Signs and Pavement Markings Using Driving Simulators ...................36-1
Susan T. Chrysler and Alicia A. Nelson
37 Advanced Guide Signs and Behavioral Decision Theory ................................................................37-1
Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos
38 Driving Simulation Design and Evaluation of Highway–Railway Grade and Transit Crossings ...................38-1
Jeff K. Caird, Alison Smiley, Lisa Fern and John Robinson
39 Roadway Visualization .....................................................................................................................39-1
Michael A. Manore and Yiannis Papelis
Telematics: Advanced Technologies Inside the Vehicle
40 Advanced Warning Technologies: Collision, Intersection Incursion ............................................40-1
Michael P. Manser
41 Adaptive Behavior in the Simulator: Implications for Active Safety System Evaluation ...............41-1
Johan Engström and Mikael Ljung Aust
Models of Driver Behaviors
42 Cognitive Architectures for Modeling Driver Behavior .................................................................42-1
Dario D. Salvucci
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Contents
43 Combining Perception, Action, Intention, and Value: A Control Theoretic Approach to
Driving Performance.........................................................................................................................43-1
John M. Flach, Richard J. Jagacinski, Matthew R. H. Smith and Brian P. McKenna
Section Vi Applications in Medicine Drugs
44 Acute Alcohol Impairment Research in Driving Simulators ..........................................................44-1
Janet I. Creaser, Nicholas J. Ward and Michael E. Rakauskas
45 Validity of Three Experimental Performance Tests for Predicting Risk of Cannabis-Induced Road
Crashes .........................................................................................................................................................................45-1
Jan G. Ramaekers, Manfred R. Moeller, Eef L. Theunissen and Gerold F. Kauert
Medical and Mental Disorders
46 Medical Disorders ............................................................................................................................46-1
Matthew Rizzo
47 Psychiatric Disorders and Driving Performance .............................................................................47-1
Henry Moller
48 Driving in Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Stroke .................................................48-1
Ergun Y. Uc and Matthew Rizzo
49 Driving Simulation in Epilepsy and Sleep Disorders ......................................................................49-1
Jon M. Tippin
Traumatic and Developmental Disabilities
50 Traumatic Brain Injury: Tests in a Driving Simulator as Part of the Neuropsychological
Assessment of Fitness to Drive ........................................................................................................50-1
Wiebo Brouwer, Rens B. Busscher, Ragnhild J. Davidse, Harie Pot and Peter C. van Wolffelaar
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Acknowledgments
The editors want to begin by acknowledging the very gener- early 1990s, a half-million dollar leap of faith that seemed impos-
ous efforts of all of the many authors who contributed to the sible at the time. He also cannot thank enough the many gradu-
Handbook, their patience with our several changes in format ate students, postdocs, and visiting scientists who have again
along the way, and their unfailing good will when answering and again worked long hours into the night in order to keep the
our questions and responding to our suggested changes. We also experiments moving forward, especially when his late wife was
want to acknowledge up front someone without whose help this so sick. Their teamwork, good will and extraordinary dedication
Handbook may never have made it to the publisher. Tracy Zafian to their work is evidenced in the many sponsors that have funded
gave hundreds of hours to the production of the Handbook, the research in this lab. Finally, he wants to thank Susan Alice Duffy,
detailed formatting of the document, the search for long-lost ref- Annie James Duffy Fisher and Jennifer Duffy Fisher for their
erences, and the suggestion for more substantive changes. She unfailing support and understanding of his peculiar work habits,
did this all while raising two young children. We simply cannot and Susan Taylor Haas for the joy which she has brought into his
thank her enough. Pamela Rivest has also devoted long hours to life over these last five years, making it possible to move forward
the Handbook’s production, literally coming in on the weekends on the Handbook when it would have so easy to let it slip.
when the deadline looked like it was going to prove the death of We also need to acknowledge the many agencies with-
the Handbook. We also want to acknowledge the help of Bobbie out whose support this Handbook would not have been pos-
Seppelt with the Handbook wiki, answering the same questions sible. Grants to Jeff Caird from the Canadian Foundation for
for the tenth time with the same level of aplomb she did the first Innovation and AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence sup-
time. Finally, we want to thank Cindy Carelli, Jill Jurgensen, and ported infrastructure and research, respectively, which made
Richard Tressider at CRC Press and Taylor & Francis and Rajesh the University of Calgary Driving Simulator a Swiss Army knife
Gopalan at Amnet International who have helped us throughout for several generations of students. Support from the Federal
the production process. Highway Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety
Jeff Caird is grateful to Peter Hancock for tasking him to build Administration, and the National Institutes of Health (NIA
a driving simulator in 1989 as his first unsuspecting graduate stu- R01 AG026027 and NIA RO1 AG 15071) have provided partial
dent at the University of Minnesota. His fourth driving simulator support to John Lee and the graduate students who make so
was funded by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI) many of the simulator-related developments possible. Matthew
and operational support provided by the AUTO21 Network of Rizzo’s research has been supported by the National Institutes
Centres of Excellence (NCE), among others. He is indebted to of Health as well (RO1 AG 17707, NIA R01 AG026027 and NIA
all of his students who have taught him about torque motors, RO1 AG 15071 and NHLBI RO1 HL091917). Grants from the
A/D, C code, ethics, protocol, glance durations and p values National Institutes of Health (1R01HD057153-01) and National
from innumerable driving simulation studies. John Lee would Highway Traffic Safety Administration provided partial support
like to thank his colleagues at the University of Iowa and the to Donald Fisher.
National Advanced Driving Simulator for their constant flow MATLAB® and Simulink® are registered trademarks of The
of interesting ideas and dedication to interesting research. He is MathWorks, Inc. For product information, please contact:
particularly grateful to all the students and staff he has worked
with who have done the hard work of operating and maintain- The MathWorks, Inc.
ing the driving simulators. Matthew Rizzo is deeply grateful 3 Apple Hill Drive
to Annie, Ellie, and Frannie for their enduring support. Don Natick, MA, 01760-2098 USA
Fisher wants to thank Joe Goldstein, former Dean of the College Tel: [phone]
of Engineering, and Fred Byron, former Vice Chancellor for Fax: [phone]
Research at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, for their E-mail: [email protected]
support when he first purchased a driving simulator back in the Web: www.mathworks.com
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ix