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TWENTIETH-CENTURY ORGAN MUSIC This volume explores twentieth-century organ music through in-depth studies of the principal centers of composition, the most significant composers and their works, and the evolving role of the instrument and its music. The twentieth- century was a time of unprecedented change for organ music, not only in its composition and performance but also in the standards of instrument design and building. Organ music was anything but immune to the complex musical, intellectual, and socio-political climate of the time. Twentieth-Century Organ Music examines the organ’s repertory from the entire period, contextualizing it against the background of important social and cultural trends. In a collection of twelve essays, experienced scholars survey the dominant geographic centers of organ music (France, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, the United States, and German-speaking countries) and investigate the composers who made important contributions to the repertory (Reger in Germany, Messiaen in France, Ligeti in Eastern and Central Europe, Howells in Great Britain). Twentieth-Century Organ Music provides a fresh vantage point from which to view one of the twentieth century’s most diverse and engaging musical spheres. Christopher S. Anderson is Associate Professor of Sacred Music at the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University, USA. Routledge Studies in Musical Genres R. Larry Todd, General Editor Keyboard Music before 1700, 2nd edition Alexander Silbiger, Editor Eighteenth-Century Keyboard Music, 2nd edition Robert L. Marshall, Editor Nineteenth-Century Piano Music, 2nd Edition R. Larry Todd, Editor Nineteenth-Century Chamber Music Stephen E. Hefling, Editor German Lieder in the Nineteenth Century Rufus Hallmark, Editor Twentieth-Century Organ Music Christopher S. Anderson, Editor TWENTIETH-CENTURY ORGAN MUSIC Edited by Christopher S. Anderson First published 2012 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2012 Taylor & Francis The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Twentieth-century organ music / [edited by] Christopher S. Anderson. p. cm.—(Routledge studies in musical genres) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Organ music—20th century—History and criticism. I. Anderson, Christopher S. ML607.T84 2011 786.509'04—dc23 2011028503 ISBN: 978–0–415–87565–3 (hbk) ISBN: 978–0–415–87566–0 (pbk) ISBN: 978–0–203–14223–3 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon Printed and bound in the United States of America on acid-free paper by Walsworth Publishing Company, Marceline, MO. Senior Editor: Constance Ditzel Senior Editorial Assistant: Mike Andrews Production Manager: Mhairi Bennett Marketing Manager: Joon Won Moon Project Manager: Swales & Willis Copy Editor: Peter Nickol Proofreader: Swales & Willis Cover Design: Jane Varney To the memory of Robert T. Anderson (1934–2009) CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix Contributors xi Preface xiv Introduction 1 Christopher S. Anderson 1 The Organ in the Twentieth Century 10 James L. Wallmann 2 The German-speaking Lands 43 Hermann J. Busch and Martin Herchenroeder 3 Max Reger (1873–1916) 76 Christopher S. Anderson 4 The Idea of Bewegung in the German Organ Reform Movement of the 1920s 116 Peter Williams 5 France 140 Hermann J. Busch and Martin Herchenroeder 6 Olivier Messiaen (1908–1992) 171 Peter Bannister viii Contents 7 The Netherlands 194 Hans Fidom 8 Scandinavia 219 Sverker Jullander 9 The United States 243 Sharon L. Hettinger 10 György Ligeti (1923–2006) 262 Kimberly Marshall 11 Herbert Howells (1892–1983) 286 Larry Palmer 12 Twentieth-Century Organ Music in the Christian Liturgy 308 Benjamin A. Kolodziej Index 338 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The chapters that follow have benefited not least from a generous number of musical examples and illustrations. Many institutions and individuals have kindly granted permission to reproduce such materials in the following essays. These include: Alphonse Leduc & Cie. Paris American Organ Archives of the Organ Historical Society Association Notre-Dame-des-Neiges, Alpe d’Huez (Isère) B. Schott’s Söhne (Schott Music) Mainz Bärenreiter-Verlag Karl Vötterle GmbH & Co. KG Kassel Breitkopf & Härtel Wiesbaden (Edition Breitkopf) Cambridge University Press Carl Fischer LLC—Theodore Presser Company C. F. Peters Corporation Christopher Marks Concordia Publishing House St. Louis (Birnamwood Publications/Morning Star Music) CPP Belwin Inc. Dover Publications Inc. Edition Sueica Stockholm Éditions Combre Paris Éditions Durand–Salabert–Eschig Éditions Henry Lemoine Fa. Beckerath Orgelbau Fennica Gehrman Oy Helsinki G. Schirmer Inc. New York