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Twentieth-Century Britain - An Encyclopedia PDF

676 Pages·2002·58.971 MB·English
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A12^D T wentietn-Century BRITAIN AN ENCYCLOPEDIA EDITED BY FRED M. LEVENTHAL Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/twentiethcenturyOOOOunse ILLINOIS CENTRAL COLLEGE 5 4bL>75 JiC T wentietn- C entury BRITAIN REFERENCE MATERIALS REMAIN IN THE LIBRARY PHOTOCOPY MACHINES ARE AVAILABLE PETER LANG New York • Washington, D.C./Balt imore • Bern F rankfurt am Main • Berlin • Brussels • Vienna • Oxf or cl T wentie tn- C entury BRITAIN AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Revised Edition EDITED BY Fred M. Leventlial n E S , Sul Wa J ^ilni A PETER LANG New York • Waskington, D.C./Balt imore • Bern Frank furt am Main • Berlf^^j-'Bf^pil^ REMAIN IN THE LIBRARY PHOTOCOPY MACHINES ARE AVAILABLE n ■* -4*" f \ V i)H Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data i Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia / I i ji edited by Fred M. Leventhal.—Rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Great Britain—History—20th century—-Encyclopedias. 2. Great Britain—Civilization—20th century—Encylopedias. I. Leventhal, F. M. DA566 .T835 941.082’03—dc21 2001050262 ISBN 0-8204-5108-8 Die Deutsche Bibliothek-CIP-E inheitsaufnah me Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia / ed. by; Fred M. Leventhal:—Rev. ed. —New York; Washington, D.C./Balt imore; Bern; Fran kfurt am Main; Berl in; Brussels; Vienna; Oxford: Lan^ ISBN 0-8204-5108-8 Cover art: View of Houses on Parliament seen across Westminster Bridge at dawn, for story re poet William Wordsworth f Composed upon Westminster Bridge”) Courtesy o f Nat Farbman/Timepix Cover design by Lisa Dill on The paper in this Look meets the guidelines for permanence and dura hility of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council of Library Resources. © 2002 Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York 275 Seventh Avenue, 281'1 floor, New York, NY 10001 www.peterlangusa.com All rights reserved. Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as microfilm, xerography, microfiche, microcard, and offset strictly prohibited. Printed in the United States of America Topical contents.xi Bevan, Aneurin (1897-1960) 49 Beveridge, William Henry (1879 -1963) ... 51 Preface.xvii Bevin, Ernest (1881-1951) 52 Chronology .xix Birth Control.54 Black People in Britain .56 Abbreviations.xxxi Blair, Anthony Charles Linton (1953- ) . . 59 Blatchford, Robert Peel Glanville Abortion .i (1851-1943) 61 Actors and Acting .2 Bloomsbury Group .61 Adult Education.3 Boer [South African] War (1899-1902) ... 63 Ageing.5 Bonar Law, Andrew (1858 -1923) 65 Allen, (Reginald) Clifford (1889-1939) ... 6 Bowen, Elizabeth Dorothea Cole Angell [Lane], [Ralph] Norman (1872-1967) 7 (1899 -3:973) 66 Anglicanism: see Church of England .... 8 Brailsford, H(enry) N(oel) (1873-1958) ... 67 Anglo-American Relations .8 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) . 69 Anti-Semitism .10 BBC Overseas Broadcasting .71 Appeasement .11 British Council .72 Architecture.14 Brittain, Vera Mary (1893-1970) 73 Army .18 Britten, (Edward) Benjamin (1913-1976) . . 74 Arts Council of Great Britain .20 Brooke, Rupert Chawner (1887-1915) .... 75 Ashton, Frederick (1904-1988) 21 Butler, R(ichard) A(usten) (1902-1982) ... 76 Asquith, H(erbert) H(enry) (1852-1928) . . 23 Astor, Nancy Witcher Langhorne Cabinet .78 (1879-1964).24 Callaghan, (Leonard) James (1912-) .... 80 Atomic Weapons: see Nuclear Weapons . . 25 Cambridge, University of.81 Attlee, Clement Richard (1883-1967) .... 25 Campaign For Nuclear Disarmament ... 82 Auden, W(ystan) H(ugh) (1907-1973) ... 27 Campbell-Bannerman, Henry Automobile Industry.29 (1836-1908).83 Aviation.31 Capital Punishment.84 Ayckbourn, Alan (1939 - ) 32 Carson, Edward Henry (1854-1935).85 Ayer, A(lfred) J(ules) (1910-1989).33 Catholicism: see Roman Catholicism ... 86 Chamberlain, (Joseph) Austen Bacon, Francis (1909-1992).34 (1863-1937).86 Baden-Powell, Robert (1857-1941) 35 Chamberlain, (Arthur) Neville Baldwin, Stanley (1867-1947).35 (1868-1940) 87 Balfour, Arthur James (1948-1930) 37 Chemistry.88 Ballet .38 Chesterton, G(ilbert) K(eith) Battle of Britain and Blitz.41 (1874-1936).90 Baylis, Lilian Mary (1874-1937).42 Children’s Literature .90 The Beatles.43 Christie, Agatha Miller (1890 -1976) .... 92 Beaverbrook, Lord [William Maxwell Church of England.93 Aitken] (1879 -1964) 44 Churchill, Winston Spencer (1874-1965) . . 95 Beckett, Samuel (1906-1989).45 Citrine, Walter McLennan (1887-1983) . . 98 Beecham, Thomas (1879-1961).46 City of London.98 Bell, Vanessa Stephen (1879 -1961) 46 Civil Service.100 Benn, Anthony Neil Wedgwood Clark, Kenneth Mackenzie (1903-1983) . . 102 [Tony Benn] (1925 - ) 47 Clearing Banks.103 Bennett, (Enoch) Arnold (1867-1931) ... 48 Cliveden Set.105 CONTENTS VI Clothing and Fashion .106 Electoral System.175 Coal Mining.108 Elgar, Edward William (1857-1934) .... 177 Codebreaking .no Eliot, T(homas) S(tearns) (1888-1965) ... 178 Cole, G(eorge) D(ouglas) H(oward) Elizabeth II (1926-).180 (1889-1959) in Emigration.183 Committee of Imperial Defence Epstein, Jacob (1880-1959).185 (1902-1939) 112 Equal Pay Movement .186 Commonwealth .113 European Community: see Commonwealth Literature.116 European Union.187 Communist Party of Great Britain.118 European Union [formerly European Composers and Music.120 Community].187 Compton-Burnett, Ivy (1884-1969) .... 123 Conrad, Joseph (1857-1924) 124 Fabian Society.190 Conscientious Objection.125 Falklands War .191 Conscription.127 Family Allowances.192 Conservative Party.129 Fascism.193 Cooperative Movement .133 Fashion: see Clothing and Fashion .... 194 Council for the Encouragement of Music Fawcett, Millicent Garrett (1847-1929) . . 194 and the Arts (CEMA).134 Feminism.195 Council Housing.135 Festival of Britain, 1951.197 Country Houses .137 Film Industry .199 Coward, Noel Pierce (1899 -1973) 138 First World War: Homefront Crick, Francis (1916-) 139 (1914-1918) 201 Cricket.139 First World War: Military (1914-1918) . . 203 Crime.141 Fleming, Alexander (1881-1955).206 Cripps, (Richard) Stafford (1889-1952) . . 142 Fonteyn, Margot (1919 -1991) 206 Crosland, (Charles) Anthony Raven Foot, Michael Mackintosh (1913-) .... 207 (1918 -1977) 144 Football .207 Curzon, George Nathaniel (1859 -1925) . . 144 Ford, Ford Madox (1873-1939) 209 Forster, E(dward) M(organ) Dalton, (Edward) Hugh John Neale (1879-1970).209 (1887-1962) 146 Freud, Lucian (1922-) 212 Dawson, Geoffrey (1874-1944).147 Friends, Society of [Quakers] .212 Day Lewis, Cecil (1904-1972) 148 Fry, Roger Eliot (1866 -1934).214 Decolonization.149 Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) . . . . 151 Gaitskell, Hugh Todd Naylor Delius, Frederick Theodore Adbert (1906-1963).216 (1862-1934).152 Gallipoli .217 Design .153 Galsworthy, John (1867-1933) 218 Detective Fiction.155 Garden Cities .219 de Valois, Ninette (1898-2001).156 Gardiner, A(lfred) G(eorge) Devolution, Scottish and Welsh.157 (1865-1946).220 Diet and Nutrition.159 Garvin, J(ames) L(ouis) (1868-1947) .... 221 Divorce and Divorce Law Reform.160 General Strike (4-12 May 1926).222 Documentary Film.162 George V (1865 -1936) 223 Dole, The .164 George VI (1895 -1952).225 Drama .165 Gill, (Arthur) Eric Rowton (1882-1940) . . 225 Dunkirk (26 May-4 June :94°) .r67 Gold Standard.227 Golding, William (1911-1993).228 Economic Performance .168 Gollancz, Victor (1893-1967) 228 Eden, (Robert) Anthony (1897-1977) . . . 170 Government of India Act (1935).23° Education Act of 1944 171 Grant, Duncan James Corrowr Edward VII (1841-1910) 172 (1885-1978) 231 Edward VIII (1894-1972).173 Graves, Robert von Ranke (1895 -1985) . . 231 El Alamein, Battle of.175 Greene, (Henry) Graham (1904-1991) . . . 232 VII CONTENTS Grey, Edward (1862-1933).234 Jews .288 Guild Socialism .235 John, Augustus Edwin (1878 -1961) .... 290 Joyce, James Augustine Aloysius Haig, Douglas (1861-1928).237 (1882-1941) 291 Haldane, J(ohn) B(urdon) S(anderson) Judicial System.292 (1892-1964).238 Juvenile Delinquency .293 Haldane, R(ichard) B(urdon) (1856-1928) 239 Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946) .... 295 Halifax, Earl of [Edward Frederick Lindley Kinnock, Neil Gordon (1942-) 298 Wood] (1881-1959) 24° Kipling, (Joseph) Rudyard (1865-1936) . . 298 Hammond, J(ohn) L(awrence) (Le Breton) Kitchener, Horatio Herbert (1872-1949) and (Lucy) Barbara (1873-1961) (1850-1916) 299 .241 Hardie, (James) Keir (1856-1915) 242 Labour Party.v .... 301 Health of the Population .243 Labour Representation Committee Heath, Edward Richard George (1916 -) . . 246 (1900-1906) 305 Henderson, Arthur (1863-1935) 247 Labour Revisionism.306 Hepworth, Barbara (1903-1975).249 Lang, Cosmo Gordon (1864-1945) .... 307 Historic Preservation .250 Lansbury, George (1859 -1940) 307 Hitchcock, Alfred (1899-1980) 251 Larkin, Philip Arthur (1922-1985).308 Hoare, Samuel John Gurney Laski, Harold Joseph (1893-1950).309 (1880-1959) 252 Lawrence, D(avid) H(erbert) Hobson, J(ohn) A(tkinson) (1858-1940) . . 253 (1885-1930) 311 Hockney, David (1937-).255 Lawrence, T(homas) E(dward) Holst, Gustavus Theodore von (1888-1935) 312 (1874-1934) 256 League of Nations .312 Home, Alec [Alexander Frederick] Leavis, F(rank) R(aymond) (1895-1978) . . 314 Douglas-(1903-95).256 Left Book Club .314 Home Guard .258 Legal Profession .315 Homosexuality.258 Leisure.316 Horse Racing .260 Lend-Lease .318 Hospitals .260 Lessing, Doris May Tayler (1919-) .... 318 Hotels .262 Lewis, (Percy) Wyndham (1882-1957) . . . 320 Hours of Work.263 Liberal Party.321 House of Lords .264 Literary Criticism .323 Housing .265 Lloyd George, David (1863-1945) 325 Huxley, Aldous Leonard (1894-1963) . . . 268 London .328 Huxley, Julian Sorell (1887-1975) 269 London Government Since 1900 330 London School of Economics and Immigration.270 Political Science.332 Imperial Preference .272 Lutyens, Edwin Landseer (1869-1944) . . 333 Independent Labour Party.273 Lytton Commission (1931-2) 334 India, Partition of .275 Indian Nationalism .276 MacDiarmid, Hugh [Christopher Murray International Brigade .278 Grieve] (1892-1978).336 Internment of Enemy Aliens .279 MacDonald, [James] Ramsay Irish Land Purchase Act (1903) 280 (1866 -1937) 337 Irish Literature.281 Macleod, Iain Norman (1913-1970) .... 339 Irish Nationalism .282 Macmillan, (Maurice) Harold Isherwood, Christopher William Bradshaw (1894-1986).340 (1904-1986).284 MacMillan, Kenneth (1929-1992).342 MacNeice, Louis (1907-1963).343 Jarrow.286 Major, John (1943-) 343 Jenkins, Roy Harris (1920-).286 [Manchester] Guardian .345 Jennings, Humphrey (1907-1950).287 Marks and Spencer .346 CONTENTS viii Marriage.347 Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William, Martin, (Basil) Kingsley (1897-1969) . . . 348 Lord Northcliffe (1865 -1922).401 Masefield, John Edward (1878-1967) . . . 349 Northern Ireland .402 Massingham, H(enry) W(illiam) Novel, English, 1900 -1945 406 (1860-1924).350 Novel, English, since 1945.409 Mass-Observation (1937-1949) 351 Nuclear Weapons .411 Maugham, (William) Somerset Nutrition: see Diet and Nutrition.412 (1874-1965) 352 Maxton, James (1885-1946) 352 Observer, The.413 Means Test.353 Official Secrets Act .414 Medical Profession.353 Old Age Pensions .415 Medical Research .355 Olivier, Laurence Kerr (1907-1989) .... 416 Merchant Banks .357 Open University.417 Methodism.358 Opera and Opera Companies .417 Milner, Alfred (1854-1925).359 Orchestras.419 Miners Federation of Great Britain .... 361 Orwell, George (1903-1950).421 Ministry of Munitions.362 Osborne, John James (1929-1994).422 Monarchy .363 Owen, Wilfred Edward Salter Mond, Alfred Moritz (1868-1930) .... 366 (1893-1918) 423 Montagu, Edwin Samuel (1879 -1924) . . . 367 Oxford, University of.424 Montgomery, Bernard Law (1887-1976) . . 367 Moore, G(eorge) E(dward) (1873-1958) . . 368 Pacifism .427 Moore, Elenry Spencer (1898-1986) .... 369 Palestine.428 Morel, E(dmund) D(ene) (1873-1924) ... 371 Pankhurst, Emmeline (1858-1928), Morris, William (1877-1963).372 Christabel (Harriette) (1880 -1958) Morrison, Herbert Stanley (1888 -1965) . . 372 (Estelle) Sylvia (1882-1960).430 Mosley, Oswald Ernald (1896-1980) .... 373 Passchendaele [Third Battle of Ypres] ... 432 Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Peace Ballot .433 Victor Nicholas (1900 -1979) 375 Peace Pledge Union .433 Multinational Corporations.376 Periodicals.434 Munich Conference .378 Philanthropy.435 Murdoch, Iris (1919 “1999).379 Physics.437 Murray, (George) Gilbert (Aime) Pick, Frank (1878 -1941) 439 (1866-1957) 381 Pinter, Harold (1930 -) 440 Poetry, English .440 Namier, Lewis Bernstein (1888-i960) . . . 382 Political and Economic Planning (PEP) . . 445 Nash, Paul (1889-1946) 383 Popular Culture .446 Nation (1907-1931).384 Popular Fiction .449 National Front.385 Popular Front .450 National Health Service.386 Popular Music .451 National Trust.388 Population.452 National Union of Mineworkers .389 Post-Modernism in Architecture .454 Nationalization and Nationalized Powell, (John) Enoch (1912-1998).455 Industries .391 Powell, Michael (1905 -1990) 456 Navy, Royal .393 Pregnancy and Childbirth.457 Nevinson, C(hristopher) R(ichard) Press, British.458 W(ynne) (1889-1946).395 Priestley, John Boynton (1894-1984) . . . 460 New Liberalism .395 Primary Education.461 New Statesman (1913-).397 Propaganda .462 Nicholson, Ben (1894-1982).397 Public Health .464 Nicolson, Harold George (1886-1968) . . . 398 Punch.465 1922 Committee.399 No-Conscription Fellowship Quakers: see Friends, Society of .467 (1914-1919) 399 Norman, Montagu Collet (1871-1950) . . 400 Race Relations.467

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