Twentieth-Century Britain - An Encyclopedia

676 Pages·2002·58.971 MB·English

by  Fred M. Leventhal

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T wentietn-Century
BRITAIN
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
EDITED BY
FRED M. LEVENTHAL
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2018 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation
https://archive.org/details/twentiethcenturyOOOOunse
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BRITAIN
REFERENCE MATERIALS
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PETER LANG
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T wentie tn- C entury
BRITAIN
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
Revised Edition
EDITED BY
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PETER LANG
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
i
Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia /
I i ji
edited by Fred M. Leventhal.—Rev. ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Great Britain—History—20th century—-Encyclopedias. 2. Great
Britain—Civilization—20th century—Encylopedias. I. Leventhal, F. M.
DA566 .T835 941.082’03—dc21 2001050262
ISBN 0-8204-5108-8
Die Deutsche Bibliothek-CIP-E inheitsaufnah me
Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia /
ed. by; Fred M. Leventhal:—Rev. ed.
—New York; Washington, D.C./Balt imore; Bern;
Fran kfurt am Main; Berl in; Brussels; Vienna; Oxford: Lan^
ISBN 0-8204-5108-8
Cover art: View of Houses on Parliament seen across Westminster Bridge at dawn, for story
re poet William Wordsworth f Composed upon Westminster Bridge”)
Courtesy o f Nat Farbman/Timepix
Cover design by Lisa Dill on
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of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity
of the Council of Library Resources.
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All rights reserved.
Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as microfilm,
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Printed in the United States of America
Topical contents.xi Bevan, Aneurin (1897-1960) 49
Beveridge, William Henry (1879 -1963) ... 51
Preface.xvii
Bevin, Ernest (1881-1951) 52
Chronology .xix Birth Control.54
Black People in Britain .56
Abbreviations.xxxi
Blair, Anthony Charles Linton (1953- ) . . 59
Blatchford, Robert Peel Glanville
Abortion .i
(1851-1943) 61
Actors and Acting .2
Bloomsbury Group .61
Adult Education.3
Boer [South African] War (1899-1902) ... 63
Ageing.5
Bonar Law, Andrew (1858 -1923) 65
Allen, (Reginald) Clifford (1889-1939) ... 6
Bowen, Elizabeth Dorothea Cole
Angell [Lane], [Ralph] Norman (1872-1967) 7
(1899 -3:973) 66
Anglicanism: see Church of England .... 8
Brailsford, H(enry) N(oel) (1873-1958) ... 67
Anglo-American Relations .8
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) . 69
Anti-Semitism .10
BBC Overseas Broadcasting .71
Appeasement .11
British Council .72
Architecture.14
Brittain, Vera Mary (1893-1970) 73
Army .18
Britten, (Edward) Benjamin (1913-1976) . . 74
Arts Council of Great Britain .20
Brooke, Rupert Chawner (1887-1915) .... 75
Ashton, Frederick (1904-1988) 21
Butler, R(ichard) A(usten) (1902-1982) ... 76
Asquith, H(erbert) H(enry) (1852-1928) . . 23
Astor, Nancy Witcher Langhorne
Cabinet .78
(1879-1964).24
Callaghan, (Leonard) James (1912-) .... 80
Atomic Weapons: see Nuclear Weapons . . 25
Cambridge, University of.81
Attlee, Clement Richard (1883-1967) .... 25
Campaign For Nuclear Disarmament ... 82
Auden, W(ystan) H(ugh) (1907-1973) ... 27
Campbell-Bannerman, Henry
Automobile Industry.29
(1836-1908).83
Aviation.31
Capital Punishment.84
Ayckbourn, Alan (1939 - ) 32
Carson, Edward Henry (1854-1935).85
Ayer, A(lfred) J(ules) (1910-1989).33
Catholicism: see Roman Catholicism ... 86
Chamberlain, (Joseph) Austen
Bacon, Francis (1909-1992).34
(1863-1937).86
Baden-Powell, Robert (1857-1941) 35
Chamberlain, (Arthur) Neville
Baldwin, Stanley (1867-1947).35
(1868-1940) 87
Balfour, Arthur James (1948-1930) 37
Chemistry.88
Ballet .38
Chesterton, G(ilbert) K(eith)
Battle of Britain and Blitz.41
(1874-1936).90
Baylis, Lilian Mary (1874-1937).42
Children’s Literature .90
The Beatles.43
Christie, Agatha Miller (1890 -1976) .... 92
Beaverbrook, Lord [William Maxwell
Church of England.93
Aitken] (1879 -1964) 44
Churchill, Winston Spencer (1874-1965) . . 95
Beckett, Samuel (1906-1989).45
Citrine, Walter McLennan (1887-1983) . . 98
Beecham, Thomas (1879-1961).46
City of London.98
Bell, Vanessa Stephen (1879 -1961) 46
Civil Service.100
Benn, Anthony Neil Wedgwood
Clark, Kenneth Mackenzie (1903-1983) . . 102
[Tony Benn] (1925 - ) 47
Clearing Banks.103
Bennett, (Enoch) Arnold (1867-1931) ... 48
Cliveden Set.105
CONTENTS VI
Clothing and Fashion .106 Electoral System.175
Coal Mining.108 Elgar, Edward William (1857-1934) .... 177
Codebreaking .no Eliot, T(homas) S(tearns) (1888-1965) ... 178
Cole, G(eorge) D(ouglas) H(oward) Elizabeth II (1926-).180
(1889-1959) in Emigration.183
Committee of Imperial Defence Epstein, Jacob (1880-1959).185
(1902-1939) 112 Equal Pay Movement .186
Commonwealth .113 European Community: see
Commonwealth Literature.116 European Union.187
Communist Party of Great Britain.118 European Union [formerly European
Composers and Music.120 Community].187
Compton-Burnett, Ivy (1884-1969) .... 123
Conrad, Joseph (1857-1924) 124 Fabian Society.190
Conscientious Objection.125 Falklands War .191
Conscription.127 Family Allowances.192
Conservative Party.129 Fascism.193
Cooperative Movement .133 Fashion: see Clothing and Fashion .... 194
Council for the Encouragement of Music Fawcett, Millicent Garrett (1847-1929) . . 194
and the Arts (CEMA).134 Feminism.195
Council Housing.135 Festival of Britain, 1951.197
Country Houses .137 Film Industry .199
Coward, Noel Pierce (1899 -1973) 138 First World War: Homefront
Crick, Francis (1916-) 139 (1914-1918) 201
Cricket.139 First World War: Military (1914-1918) . . 203
Crime.141 Fleming, Alexander (1881-1955).206
Cripps, (Richard) Stafford (1889-1952) . . 142 Fonteyn, Margot (1919 -1991) 206
Crosland, (Charles) Anthony Raven Foot, Michael Mackintosh (1913-) .... 207
(1918 -1977) 144 Football .207
Curzon, George Nathaniel (1859 -1925) . . 144 Ford, Ford Madox (1873-1939) 209
Forster, E(dward) M(organ)
Dalton, (Edward) Hugh John Neale (1879-1970).209
(1887-1962) 146 Freud, Lucian (1922-) 212
Dawson, Geoffrey (1874-1944).147 Friends, Society of [Quakers] .212
Day Lewis, Cecil (1904-1972) 148 Fry, Roger Eliot (1866 -1934).214
Decolonization.149
Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) . . . . 151 Gaitskell, Hugh Todd Naylor
Delius, Frederick Theodore Adbert (1906-1963).216
(1862-1934).152 Gallipoli .217
Design .153 Galsworthy, John (1867-1933) 218
Detective Fiction.155 Garden Cities .219
de Valois, Ninette (1898-2001).156 Gardiner, A(lfred) G(eorge)
Devolution, Scottish and Welsh.157 (1865-1946).220
Diet and Nutrition.159 Garvin, J(ames) L(ouis) (1868-1947) .... 221
Divorce and Divorce Law Reform.160 General Strike (4-12 May 1926).222
Documentary Film.162 George V (1865 -1936) 223
Dole, The .164 George VI (1895 -1952).225
Drama .165 Gill, (Arthur) Eric Rowton (1882-1940) . . 225
Dunkirk (26 May-4 June :94°) .r67 Gold Standard.227
Golding, William (1911-1993).228
Economic Performance .168 Gollancz, Victor (1893-1967) 228
Eden, (Robert) Anthony (1897-1977) . . . 170 Government of India Act (1935).23°
Education Act of 1944 171 Grant, Duncan James Corrowr
Edward VII (1841-1910) 172 (1885-1978) 231
Edward VIII (1894-1972).173 Graves, Robert von Ranke (1895 -1985) . . 231
El Alamein, Battle of.175 Greene, (Henry) Graham (1904-1991) . . . 232
VII CONTENTS
Grey, Edward (1862-1933).234 Jews .288
Guild Socialism .235 John, Augustus Edwin (1878 -1961) .... 290
Joyce, James Augustine Aloysius
Haig, Douglas (1861-1928).237 (1882-1941) 291
Haldane, J(ohn) B(urdon) S(anderson) Judicial System.292
(1892-1964).238 Juvenile Delinquency .293
Haldane, R(ichard) B(urdon)
(1856-1928) 239 Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946) .... 295
Halifax, Earl of [Edward Frederick Lindley Kinnock, Neil Gordon (1942-) 298
Wood] (1881-1959) 24° Kipling, (Joseph) Rudyard (1865-1936) . . 298
Hammond, J(ohn) L(awrence) (Le Breton) Kitchener, Horatio Herbert
(1872-1949) and (Lucy) Barbara (1873-1961) (1850-1916) 299
.241
Hardie, (James) Keir (1856-1915) 242 Labour Party.v .... 301
Health of the Population .243 Labour Representation Committee
Heath, Edward Richard George (1916 -) . . 246 (1900-1906) 305
Henderson, Arthur (1863-1935) 247 Labour Revisionism.306
Hepworth, Barbara (1903-1975).249 Lang, Cosmo Gordon (1864-1945) .... 307
Historic Preservation .250 Lansbury, George (1859 -1940) 307
Hitchcock, Alfred (1899-1980) 251 Larkin, Philip Arthur (1922-1985).308
Hoare, Samuel John Gurney Laski, Harold Joseph (1893-1950).309
(1880-1959) 252 Lawrence, D(avid) H(erbert)
Hobson, J(ohn) A(tkinson) (1858-1940) . . 253 (1885-1930) 311
Hockney, David (1937-).255 Lawrence, T(homas) E(dward)
Holst, Gustavus Theodore von (1888-1935) 312
(1874-1934) 256 League of Nations .312
Home, Alec [Alexander Frederick] Leavis, F(rank) R(aymond) (1895-1978) . . 314
Douglas-(1903-95).256 Left Book Club .314
Home Guard .258 Legal Profession .315
Homosexuality.258 Leisure.316
Horse Racing .260 Lend-Lease .318
Hospitals .260 Lessing, Doris May Tayler (1919-) .... 318
Hotels .262 Lewis, (Percy) Wyndham (1882-1957) . . . 320
Hours of Work.263 Liberal Party.321
House of Lords .264 Literary Criticism .323
Housing .265 Lloyd George, David (1863-1945) 325
Huxley, Aldous Leonard (1894-1963) . . . 268 London .328
Huxley, Julian Sorell (1887-1975) 269 London Government Since 1900 330
London School of Economics and
Immigration.270 Political Science.332
Imperial Preference .272 Lutyens, Edwin Landseer (1869-1944) . . 333
Independent Labour Party.273 Lytton Commission (1931-2) 334
India, Partition of .275
Indian Nationalism .276 MacDiarmid, Hugh [Christopher Murray
International Brigade .278 Grieve] (1892-1978).336
Internment of Enemy Aliens .279 MacDonald, [James] Ramsay
Irish Land Purchase Act (1903) 280 (1866 -1937) 337
Irish Literature.281 Macleod, Iain Norman (1913-1970) .... 339
Irish Nationalism .282 Macmillan, (Maurice) Harold
Isherwood, Christopher William Bradshaw (1894-1986).340
(1904-1986).284 MacMillan, Kenneth (1929-1992).342
MacNeice, Louis (1907-1963).343
Jarrow.286 Major, John (1943-) 343
Jenkins, Roy Harris (1920-).286 [Manchester] Guardian .345
Jennings, Humphrey (1907-1950).287 Marks and Spencer .346
CONTENTS viii
Marriage.347 Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William,
Martin, (Basil) Kingsley (1897-1969) . . . 348 Lord Northcliffe (1865 -1922).401
Masefield, John Edward (1878-1967) . . . 349 Northern Ireland .402
Massingham, H(enry) W(illiam) Novel, English, 1900 -1945 406
(1860-1924).350 Novel, English, since 1945.409
Mass-Observation (1937-1949) 351 Nuclear Weapons .411
Maugham, (William) Somerset Nutrition: see Diet and Nutrition.412
(1874-1965) 352
Maxton, James (1885-1946) 352 Observer, The.413
Means Test.353 Official Secrets Act .414
Medical Profession.353 Old Age Pensions .415
Medical Research .355 Olivier, Laurence Kerr (1907-1989) .... 416
Merchant Banks .357 Open University.417
Methodism.358 Opera and Opera Companies .417
Milner, Alfred (1854-1925).359 Orchestras.419
Miners Federation of Great Britain .... 361 Orwell, George (1903-1950).421
Ministry of Munitions.362 Osborne, John James (1929-1994).422
Monarchy .363 Owen, Wilfred Edward Salter
Mond, Alfred Moritz (1868-1930) .... 366 (1893-1918) 423
Montagu, Edwin Samuel (1879 -1924) . . . 367 Oxford, University of.424
Montgomery, Bernard Law (1887-1976) . . 367
Moore, G(eorge) E(dward) (1873-1958) . . 368 Pacifism .427
Moore, Elenry Spencer (1898-1986) .... 369 Palestine.428
Morel, E(dmund) D(ene) (1873-1924) ... 371 Pankhurst, Emmeline (1858-1928),
Morris, William (1877-1963).372 Christabel (Harriette) (1880 -1958)
Morrison, Herbert Stanley (1888 -1965) . . 372 (Estelle) Sylvia (1882-1960).430
Mosley, Oswald Ernald (1896-1980) .... 373 Passchendaele [Third Battle of Ypres] ... 432
Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Peace Ballot .433
Victor Nicholas (1900 -1979) 375 Peace Pledge Union .433
Multinational Corporations.376 Periodicals.434
Munich Conference .378 Philanthropy.435
Murdoch, Iris (1919 “1999).379 Physics.437
Murray, (George) Gilbert (Aime) Pick, Frank (1878 -1941) 439
(1866-1957) 381 Pinter, Harold (1930 -) 440
Poetry, English .440
Namier, Lewis Bernstein (1888-i960) . . . 382 Political and Economic Planning (PEP) . . 445
Nash, Paul (1889-1946) 383 Popular Culture .446
Nation (1907-1931).384 Popular Fiction .449
National Front.385 Popular Front .450
National Health Service.386 Popular Music .451
National Trust.388 Population.452
National Union of Mineworkers .389 Post-Modernism in Architecture .454
Nationalization and Nationalized Powell, (John) Enoch (1912-1998).455
Industries .391 Powell, Michael (1905 -1990) 456
Navy, Royal .393 Pregnancy and Childbirth.457
Nevinson, C(hristopher) R(ichard) Press, British.458
W(ynne) (1889-1946).395 Priestley, John Boynton (1894-1984) . . . 460
New Liberalism .395 Primary Education.461
New Statesman (1913-).397 Propaganda .462
Nicholson, Ben (1894-1982).397 Public Health .464
Nicolson, Harold George (1886-1968) . . . 398 Punch.465
1922 Committee.399
No-Conscription Fellowship Quakers: see Friends, Society of .467
(1914-1919) 399
Norman, Montagu Collet (1871-1950) . . 400 Race Relations.467