tutela e gestione delle risorse naturali role of the virtual stakeholders in the search of a balance

148 Pages·2016·6.33 MB·English

by  Bruno Tomasello

Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna

DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN

SCIENZE AMBIENTALI: TUTELA E GESTIONE DELLE
RISORSE NATURALI

Ciclo XXVIII

Settore Concorsuale di afferenza: 02/D1

Settore Scientifico disciplinare: FIS/07

ROLE OF THE VIRTUAL STAKEHOLDERS IN THE
SEARCH OF A BALANCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT,
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE POLICY CHOICES
MANAGEMENT

Presentata da: Bruno Tomasello

Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore

Prof. Enrico Dinelli Prof. Andrea Contin

Esame finale anno 2016
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Index

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 The invisible welfare ............................................................................................... 9
1.1.1 National accounting: the (never)ending story? ............................................ 10
1.2 Politics, Environment and Society: history of a drift. ........................................... 16
1.2.1 The polis as a socio-ecological system ........................................................ 18
1.2.2 From the polis management to the sustainability concept ........................... 20
1.2.3 The consequences of sustainable thinking ................................................... 23
1.2.4 The environment: an epistemological complex system ............................... 25
1.2.5 The society dimension: a void to be avoided? ............................................. 29
1.2.6 The GDP paradox and the scientific community Ouroboros ....................... 34
1.3 The "Normal Science" solution ............................................................................. 36
1.3.1 DSS: "Decision" or "Delusion" support system? ......................................... 37
1.3.2 "Side effects" of expert knowledge-based tools and methodologies ........... 39
1.4 The "Post-Normal Science" solution ..................................................................... 45
1.5 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 48
2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................................. 53
2.1 The virtual stakeholders ......................................................................................... 53
2.2 The Policy Choices Analysis/Synthesis System 42 (PoChASSy42) ...................... 54
2.3 The Individual Interests ......................................................................................... 57
2.3.1 A brief history of the human rights .............................................................. 58
2.3.2 Final considerations about the "brief history of the human rights" .............. 61
2.3.3 The "Universal" Declaration of the Human Rights (UDHR - 1948) ........... 63
2.3.4 The non-universality of the UDHR: the Shari'a and the Fiqh ...................... 65
2.3.5 The Normative Values identification. .......................................................... 66
2.4 The Collective Interests ......................................................................................... 69
2.4.1 The "Nomenclature statistique des activités économiques dans la
Communauté européenne" (NACE) within PoChASSy42 ......................................... 72
2.5 The Ecosystem Services ......................................................................................... 78
2.5.1 The Ecosystem Services and the Water Cycle processes ............................. 82
2.6 The PoChASSy42 synthesis: the Adjacency Matrix. ............................................. 85
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2.7 The PoChASSy42 matrix structure and rules ......................................................... 86
2.7.1 EA matrix ..................................................................................................... 88
2.7.2 ES matrix ...................................................................................................... 89
2.7.3 WC matrix .................................................................................................... 90
2.7.4 EAvsES matrix ............................................................................................. 91
2.7.5 ESvsEA matrix ............................................................................................. 92
2.7.6 EAvsWC matrix ........................................................................................... 92
2.7.7 ESvsWC ....................................................................................................... 92
2.7.8 WCvsEA ...................................................................................................... 92
2.7.9 WCvsES ....................................................................................................... 93
2.7.10 Sub-matrices involving Normative Values .................................................. 93
2.7.11 EAvsNV ....................................................................................................... 93
2.7.12 ESvsNV ........................................................................................................ 94
2.7.13 WCvsNV ...................................................................................................... 94
2.7.14 NV ................................................................................................................ 94
2.7.15 The "NVvsEA", "NVvsES" and "NVvsWC" matrices ................................ 94
2.8 The PoChASSy42 synthesis: the Narrative Structure. ........................................... 95
2.8.1 The importance of a graph ........................................................................... 95
2.8.2 The PoChASSy42 Narrative Structure diagram ........................................... 98
3. Results......................................................................................................................... 105
3.1 Warnings and clarifications about the PoChASSy42 Adjacency Matrix ............. 105
3.2 How to use the PoChASSy42 Adjacency Matrix ................................................. 106
3.3 Exclusion of stakeholders .................................................................................... 110
3.4 An example on bridge construction ..................................................................... 110
3.5 The PoChASSy42 Adjacency Matrix: tool ........................................................... 115
4. Discussion ................................................................................................................... 119
4.1 PoChASSy42 strengths ........................................................................................ 119
4.2 PoChASSy42 weaknesses .................................................................................... 123
4.2.1 NACE classification: a good choice if at high resolution .......................... 124
4.2.2 UNHR: not enough universal ..................................................................... 126
4.3 PoChASSy42 threats and the meaning of 42 ....................................................... 126
4.4 PoChASSy42 framework future developments .................................................... 129
5. Conclusions................................................................................................................. 131
References .......................................................................................................................... 135
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Consulted Websites ............................................................................................................ 144
Appendix 1 - List of Publications ....................................................................................... 146
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. 147

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“Don't play what's there; play what's not there.”
Miles Davis

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1. Introduction
"- […] mi sapresti dire quante siano le vocali? "- […]Can you tell me how many vowels are there?
- […] le Vocali son cinque, A, E, I, O, U. - […] The vowels are five, A, E, I, O, U.
- Bene! Sei un Salomone ma come si fa che - Fine! You are a Solomon but how is it that in all
nell'alfabeto di ogni lingua l'"A" sia prima, e l'"E" alphabets the "A" is before, and "E" is after? […]"
sia dopo? […]" (Because) "in this miserable world who "has" "is,"
(Perché) "in questo misero mondo chi "à" "è", e chi and who "has" not "is" not. [...]
non "à" non "è". […]"
"Le vocali ossia la prima lezione di mio padre"
Vincenzo Padula 1819 - 1893 (Padula, 1950)

1.1 The invisible welfare

"[...] even if we act to erase material poverty, there is another greater task, it is to
confront the poverty of satisfaction - purpose and dignity - that afflicts us all. Too much
and for too long, we seemed to have surrendered personal excellence and community
values in the mere accumulation of material things. Our Gross National Product, now, is
over $800 billion dollars a year, but that Gross National Product – if we judge the United
States of America by that – that Gross National Product counts air pollution and cigarette
advertising, and ambulances to clear our highways of carnage. It counts special locks for
our doors and the jails for the people who break them. It counts the destruction of the
redwood and the loss of our natural wonder in chaotic sprawl. It counts napalm and counts
nuclear warheads and armored cars for the police to fight the riots in our cities. It counts
Whitman's rifle and Speck's knife, and the television programs which glorify violence in
order to sell toys to our children. Yet the gross national product does not allow for the
health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not
include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our
public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our
courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to
our country, it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. And
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it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans. If
this is true here at home, so it is true elsewhere in world [...]". Robert F. Kennedy speech at
the University of Kansas, March 18 (1968).
Two observations come to mind by analysing this famous speech:

 first, its content is a criticism of the vision that policy had of the Res publica
management at that time, i.e. a given policy is judged positive only if it is
able to increase the GNP which means that politics is losing its aims, the
contact with reality and with humanity;
 the second observation is that some information (which are important topics
for all governments) are not taken into account in the GNP calculation. The
motivation may be found in the quote: “It would be nice if all of the data
which sociologists require could be enumerated because then we could run
them through IBM machines and draw charts as the economists do.
However, not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that
counts can be counted.”, very famous and wrongly attributed to Albert
Einstein, coming from a document written only five years before that speech
(Cameron, 1963).

There is a third observation, which can be made explicit only after a brief
introduction to the historical context which has been developing before 1968 (the year of
this speech) until today about the use made by politics of the Gross National Product
(GNP) and its successor (from 1991) the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (U.S. Department
of Commerce, 1991).

1.1.1 National accounting: the (never)ending story?

In 1995, an interesting article was published: If the GDP is up, why is America
down? (Cobb et al., 1995). This article describes with a certain detail the history of GDP,
which it is not easy to find even if the number of articles talking about the "economic
growth" have had a significant increase from 1930 to 2010, as it is possible to derive from
Figure 1.
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