Turning Water into Politics: The Water Issue in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict PDF
Preview Turning Water into Politics: The Water Issue in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict
Turning Water into Politics The Water Issue in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict Alwyn R. Rouyer Turning Water into Politics This page intentionally left blank Turning Water into Politics The Water Issue in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict Alwyn R. Rouyer Professor Department of Political Science University of Idaho 9A £8 First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-333-69964-5 First published in the United States of America 2000 by fifi ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN0-312-22611-X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rouyer, Alwyn R. (Alwyn Rudolf) Turning water into politics : the water issue in the Palestinian -Israeli conflict / Alwyn R. Rouyer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-312-22611-X (cloth) 1. Water resources development—Political aspects—Jordan River Valley. 2. Water-supply—Political aspects—West Bank. 3. Water -supply—Political aspects—Gaza Strip. 4. Water-supply—Political aspects—Jordan River Valley. 5. Arab-Israeli conflict—1993- 6. Water withdrawal—Government policy—Israel. I. Title. HD1698.J58R68 1999 333.91'0095694-dc21 99-31477 CIP © Alwyn R. Rouyer 2000 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P OLP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire For Cathy My wife and companion for over thirty years, my best friend, my editor and grant researcher This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables, Figures and Maps x Acknowledgements xi List of Abbreviations xv Persons Interviewed xvii Introduction: Water and Politics 1 The 'hydraulic imperative' hypothesis 3 Environmental conflict paradigm 7 Structure of the book 9 1 Water Resources: Scarcity and Inequity 14 The question of accurate data 15 Physical environment and climate 17 Water resources 19 Water consumption 25 The impending water crisis 31 2 Water and Israel's Occupation of the Palestinian Territories 45 Israeli water policies in the occupied territories 46 Water institutions under Israeli occupation 52 Administration under occupation 52 Institutional constraints 54 The price of water 56 Consequences of Israel's water policies in the occupied territories 59 Economy 59 Environment 62 Israel's defence of its water policies in the occupied territories 66 Water and land 71 3 Zionism and Water: The Shaping of Israel's Water Policies in the Pre-State Period 80 Zionism's land-water nexus 81 Zionism and land 82 vii viii Contents The Jewish National Fund 84 The Zionist ethos, agriculture and water 86 The Zionists' quest for water during the British Mandate 90 Land, water and a 'higher purpose'? 103 4 Water and Israel's Search for Security 108 Conflict over unilateral water development in the 1950s 109 The Johnston negotiations 115 Struggle over water diversion and the 1967 war 124 West Bank water 132 Water and security 138 5 The Political Economy of Water in Israel 145 Israel's water system 146 Policies and projects 152 Phase one 154 Phase two 158 Phase three 160 The economics of agriculture and water 163 The need for reform 172 6 The Water Negotiations: Towards the Oslo II Interim Agreement, 177 International law and the Palestinian-Israeli water dispute 178 Belligerent occupation 178 Transboundary water resources 181 Approaches to the water negotiations 184 The Palestinians 186 The Israelis 191 The water issue in the multilateral talks and the Oslo Agreement 195 The Multilateral Water Working Group 196 The Oslo Declaration of Principles 198 The water issue in the Oslo II Interim Agreement 202 The road beyond Oslo II 207 7 Transition and Stalemate: The Palestinian-Israeli Water Dispute Since the Oslo II Accord 213 Building a Palestinian water infrastructure 215 Implementing the Oslo II water accords 223 The process 223 Contents ix International donors 229 Assessing the Oslo II water accords 235 Stalemate in the peace negotiations 239 8 Finding Solutions to the Palestinian-Israeli Water Dispute 251 Water sharing and cooperation 252 Economic restructuring 260 Large-scale engineering projects 265 Inter-regional transfers 266 Desalination 271 'Sea to sea' canals with desalination 274 Water and peace 278 Index
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