Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life

475 Pages·2013·25.064 MB·English

by  David Durand-Guédy

contents i
Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life
ii contents
Brill’s
Inner Asian Library
Editors
Michael R. Drompp
Devin DeWeese
VOLUME 31
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bial
contents iii
Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and
City Life
Edited by
David Durand-Guédy
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2013
Coveri villustration: Original composition byc Aolin Stoeltnanti,s based on a painting from Shah Ṭahmāsp’s
Shāhnāma, Fol. 266 V (“Rustam expounds stoically upon fate and death”), Tehran Museum of
Contemporary Art.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life / edited by David Durand-Guédy.
pages cm. -- (Inner Asian library)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-24876-2 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-25700-9 (e-book) 1. Mongols--
History--To 1500. 2. City and town life--Asia, Central--History--To 1500. 3. City and town life--
Turkey--History--To 1500. 4. City and town life--Iran--History--To 1500. 5. City and town life--Egypt--
History--To 1500. I. Durand-Guédy, David, 1970-
DS19.T87 2013
951’.025--dc23
2013025139
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contents v

CONTENTS
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xi
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xv
Notes on Dates and Transliteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xvii
Notes on Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xix
Introduction. Location of Rule in a Context of Turko-Mongol
Domination
David Durand-Guédy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1
1. Courts and Court Culture in the Proto-urban and Urban
Developments among the Pre-Chinggisid Turkic Peoples
Peter Golden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
2. Sedentary Rulers on the Move: The Travels of the Early
Ghaznavid Sultans
Minoru Inaba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
3. From Tents to City. The Royal Court of the Western Qarakha-
nids between Bukhara and Samarqand
Yury Karev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
4. The Tents of the Saljuqs
David Durand-Guédy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5. Court and Nomadic Life in Saljuq Anatolia
A.C.S. Peacock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6. Seasonal Capitals with Permanent Buildings in the Mongol
Empire
Tomoko Masuya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7. Rulers and City Life in Mongol Central Asia (1220-1370)
Michal Biran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8. The Itineraries of Shāhrukh b. Timur (1405-47)
Charles Melville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
vi contents
9. A Landscape of Fortresses: Central Anatolia in Astarābādī’s
Bazm wa razm
Jürgen Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
10. The Castle and the Country: Spatial Orientations of Qipchaq
Mamluk Rule
Kurt Franz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
11. Between Tehran and Sulṭāniyya. Early Qajar Rulers and their
Itineraries
Nobuaki Kondo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Index of Persons, Dynasties and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Index of Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Index of Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Index of Secondary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Index of Technical Terms and Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
CC CFC L P L N N ILDTaENiiiiibY CTD CCA CSSK CBPP CSTMiT CRM CTC CAJ CTnnnnnnnürnIiorepeuehohohoearhaooehuhhohhoh.hhhuahhhh sSotedddddCri ieLtadcdmtrartunevaattttberrnucaeeevaaaaalTaaaagefmweeeeelw-ayee.s haeoetit ppah ruit Soy ppppprrorppppCed tooxxxxxT ii dtssnretnedOFcl etKea atte. tanrftttttiGtttt sks e Qnh r nee idoooeD reeeeeoooooetPuueeeeelDnalka M aFason aa aioParrt rrrrrnnnnasenrrrrfffffOBn c ivtunrb u IesMr nll na cMFaotsjtoe ffsetK n PPpstesentdi drygbarrBrdcohoiai rweudezivceInelanlioeavaioarlee oi gxroaareGfapsurg ucnone alnc vienelnrr ofegbn innC e nnsvmtRhhvrcneckoersos ioUeovde auteddueeiki i toe tnunhntfmhl iotsdla-ryRsno- all san ylaiG diteeGee rfa a* ectEbotaTh sr y amiLu*iFnrauiSad,fuSoue on rs isoél addé iyntS fpr nao dEctadreolky a hsinejtstus yn ayrrun ilr riārocd oicesr rnadeqmafhoc ul fens P ySsse Mtnrrs Qsts eahiucsGeit nloma*eoeeeikispht npssxi:nShe ar c*aCdtlaag r re hbIzal nooeqtscjn.atiunfl daoTin qa CoTqnt nivge rnMmu decairrAdnoraeluank ruptASmroirapteu ant-(sslsMoll1*au t *Alt4akiooan0s nlRis5iagau- o (4li1eln7 2d )A2os0mt-a1irn3āa7bt0āiod)nī’ s Bazm w173911322223a58949412581 r59173757azm royaanl d UrCbcaaanspt lietRa ulsl ers coCuoTruttee rhtnr tasn DoefCvw euailtlonthpud mr eoe nn ts the ainn dt o permtahnete ahnmet ong Westetrhne QParSorubatClokṭuāo-hiuMnluadrinnciybotntiiyvarhtdgayyeness..::
list of figures vii

LIST OF FIGURES
Golden
1a. Three pre-Türk nomadic empires (Huns, Xiongnu, Hephta-
lites) at the time of their maximum extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
1b. The Türk qaghanate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
1c. Turkic people in Central Asia in the tenth century ad . . . . . . .  34
2. Inner Asia situation map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
3. Mongolia situation map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
Inaba
1. The territory of the early Ghaznavids ca. 1030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
2. The ‘figure-eight’ road network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
3. Directions of the Ghaznavid sultans’ travels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
4. Routes between the Indus Valley and the Western Uplands   82
5. Routes across the Hindu Kush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
Karev
1.  Map of Transoxania/Māwarāʾ al-nahr (8th-13th centuries) . .  100
2.  Afrasiab site, general plan based on the 1885 plan by Vasil’ev
and Kuzmin. (Drawing by Guy Lecuyot, courtesy of Bernard
et al. 1990, 357) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  102
3.  Satellite photo of the Afrasiab site. (Google Earth) . . . . . . . . . . .  103
4.  Northern part of the Afrasiab site studied/excavated by the
French-Uzbek Archaeological Mission in Samarqand. (Differ-
ent plans unified by Cl. Rapin, MAFOuz de Sogdiane)  . . . . . .  104
5.  Satellite photo of the northern part of the Afrasiab site.
(Google Earth). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.  Lower terrace of the citadel. Plan of the excavated area with
seven Qarakhanid pavilions (second half of the twelfth-
beginning of the thirteenth century). (Drawing by E. Kurkina
with additions by O. Zaiceva, MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . .  106
7.  View of the citadel from the north. (Photo Y. Karev, MAFOuz
de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  107
8.  View of the lower terrace of the citadel from the east. (Photo
Y. Karev, MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  107
viii list of figures
9.  Reconstruction of the Abū Muslim palace (mid-eighth
century). (Drawing by E. Kurkina, MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . .  109
10.  Main pavilion decorated with paintings, plan of the architec-
tural complex. (Drawing by E. Kurkina and O. Zaitseva,
MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  112
11. View of the pavilion from above. (Photo Y. Karev, MAFOuz de
Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  113
12. Reconstruction of the main pavilion, with view of the eastern
wall and the throne niche. (Drawing by Y. Karev and O.
Zaitseva, MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  113
13. Throne scene. (Drawing by V. Fominykh, MAFOuz de
Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  114
14. Fragment with the ruler’s face (symbolically disfigured).
(Photo Y. Karev, MAFOuz de Sogdiane). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  115
15. Representation of the arrow bearer in his frame. (Drawing by
M. Reutova, MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  116
16. Fragment with the peri-like figure and band of inscription
(Photo Y. Karev, MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  117
17. Fragment representing a hunting dog (detail). (Photo Y.
Karev, MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  117
18. Bands of inscription with running animals. (Photo Y. Karev,
MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  118
19. Medallion with fighting birds. (Photo Y. Karev, MAFOuz de
Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  118
20. Band of inscription containing a fragment of poetry reading
kām-i dil. (Photo Y. Karev, MAFOuz de Sogdiane) . . . . . . . . . . . .  119
21. Plan of the city of Bukhara in the eighth-thirteenth centuries,
with location of five Qarakhanid palaces built in succession.
(Drawing based on Elizaveta Nekrasova 2011, 482, Fig. 3) . . .  123
22. Axonometric plan and reconstruction of Ribāṭ-i Malik
(second constructional period). (Drawing from Nemtseva
1983, 128) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  127
23. Plan of the Bukhara citadel/ark (beginning of the twentieth
century). (Drawing from Andreev 1972, Fig. 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  137
Durand-Guédy
1.   Structure of a trellis tent. Based on field observation among
the Yomut Türkmens of Iran. (Courtesy of P.A. Andrews
1997, 1: plate a2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  156
2.  The camp of the Khitans/Liao (twelfth century) in a painting
list of figures ix
copied from the Wen-chi scrolls. Trellis tent of the large type
with a ridged reception tent, a wedge tent, and enclosure
screens. A flat-bed cart in the background. (Courtesy of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of the Dillon
Fund, 1973, 1973.120.3. Legend by Andrews 1999, 2: planche
72) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  163
3.  A royal audience under an awning. (Painting from a Timurid
MS. of Kalīla wa Dimna, ca. 1485, reproduced in Soudavar
1992, 112) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  165
4.  Territories ruled by the Saljuqs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  174
5.  The Saljuq köşk in Konya. (Courtesy of the Foundation Max
Van Bercherm, Geneva) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  176
6.  Reconstruction of a kūshk-sarāparda complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  180
7.  Sultan Ḥusayn Bayqara between a trellis tent and a kūshk-like
building. (Painting from Saʿdī’s Būstān MS. in Dār al-Kutub
(Cairo), Adab Fārsī 908, fol. 2a, reproduced in Lentz and
Lowry 1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  181
Peacock
1.  Map of Anatolia in the reign of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kay-Qubād (1219-
37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  193
2.  View of Qubādābād today, with Lake Beyşehir in the
background, illustrating the view of water and mountains
characteristic of Saljuq palaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  198
3.  View of the ruins of the Saljuq mosque-mausoleum-palace
complex on Konya citadel in the nineteenth century. (Texier
1839-49) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  200
Masuya
1.  Capitals and seasonal cities of the Mongol Empire in
Mongolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  228
2.  Capitals and seasonal cities of the Yuan in China . . . . . . . . . . . .  236
3.  Dadu. (Drawing after Zhu Xie 1936) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  237
4.  Shangdu. (Drawing after Wei Jian 2008, vol. 1, Fig. 2) . . . . . . . .  240
5.  Summer and winter camps of the Ilkhans. (Drawing based on
Honda 1976, 369) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  249
Biran
1.   The Chaghadaid Khanate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  259
2.  Tughluq Temür Mausoleum in Almaliq (near modern Yining,
Xinjiang, China). (Photo. Michal Biran 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  276