turkish monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction

166 Pages·2010·2.68 MB·English

TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION
XXI
REPUBLIC OF TURKEY
MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE
Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime Department
European Monitoring Center Turkish Monitoring Center
for Drugs and Drug Addiction for Drugs and Drug Addiction
2009 NATIONAL REPORT TO THE
EMCDDA
By the Reitox National Focal Point
TURKEY
New Developments, Trends and Selected Issues

Mustafa PINARCI
EMCDDA Turkey National Focal Point (TUBİM), President
REITOX
ANKARA 2009

TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................III
ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................................VII
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................IX
INSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTION REPRESENTATIVES PROVIDING DATA .............X
EMCDDA TURKISH NATIONAL FOCAL POINT AUTHORITIES PREPARING ..........XII
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................XIII
SUMMARY .............................................................................................................XV
PART A ................................................................................................................1
NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS ...........................................................................1
SECTION 1
NATIONAL POLICIES AND CONTEXT ...........................................................................1
1.1. Legal Framework .........................................................................................2
1.1.1. International Agreements and Conventions ..........................................2
1.1.2. National Legislation ...............................................................................3
1.1.3. New Developments in Legal Frameworks ............................................7
1.1.4. Implementation of Laws ........................................................................9
1.2. Strategy, Action Plan, Evaluation and Coordination ..................................10
1.2.1. National Strategy and Action Plan ......................................................10
1.2.2. Implementation and Evaluation of the National Strategy and
Action Plan .........................................................................................11
1.2.2.1. Implementation ............................................................................11
1.2.2.2. Evaluation ....................................................................................12
1.2.3. Other Developments in Antidrug Policies ...........................................12
1.2.3.1. TGNA Research Commission ......................................................12
1.2.4. Coordination Arrangements ................................................................13
1.2.5. Institutional Structure ..........................................................................16
1.3. Economic Analyses ...................................................................................17
SECTION 2
DRUG USE PREVALENCE .............................................................................................18
2.1. Drug Use in the General Population ..........................................................18
2.2. Drug Use in the Youth Population..............................................................18
2.3. Drug use among Specific Groups ..............................................................18
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TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION
SECTION 3
PREVENTION ...............................................................................................................19
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................19
3.2. Scope and Diversity of Addiction Preventive Activities ..............................20
3.3. Universal Prevention in Turkey ..................................................................21
3.4. Selective Prevention ..................................................................................31
3.5. Conclusion .................................................................................................38
SECTION 4
PROBLEM DRUG USE AND TREATMENT DEMAND ...................................................40
4.1.Overview .....................................................................................................40
SECTION 5
SUBSTANCE ADDICTION TREATMENT .......................................................................43
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................43
5.2. Strategy and Policy ....................................................................................43
5.2.1. New Developments and Trends ..........................................................43
5.3. Treatment Systems ....................................................................................45
5.3.1. Treatment Approach ............................................................................45
5.3.2. Treatment Quality ................................................................................46
5.3.3. Treatment without Pharmacological Assistance .................................47
5.3.4. Medical Treatment ..............................................................................48
5.4. Profile of Clients in Treatment ...................................................................59
SECTION 6
HEALTH CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES .........................................................58
6.1. Drug-related Deaths and Mortality of Drug Users .....................................58
6.1.1. Introduction .........................................................................................58
6.1.2. Direct Drug related Deaths .................................................................59
6.1.3. Indirect Drug Related Deaths .............................................................62
6.1.4. Evaluation ...........................................................................................64
6.2. Drug-related Infectious Diseases ..............................................................68
6.3. Drug-related Psychiatric Disorders ............................................................70
6.4. Other Drug-related Health Correlates and Consequences........................70
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TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION
SECTION 7
RESPONSES TO HEALTH CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES ............................71
7.1. Prevention of Drug-Related Deaths ...........................................................71
7.2. Prevention and Treatment of Drug-Related Infectious Diseases ..............72
7.3. Interventions Related to Psychiatric Co-Morbidity, ....................................72
7.4. Interventions Related to Other Health Correlates and Consequences .....72
7.4.1. Drug-related Poisoning ...........................................................................72
SECTION 8
8.1. Social Exclusion .........................................................................................76
8. 2. Addicts and Reintegration .........................................................................80
8.2.1.Shelter ..................................................................................................81
8.2.2. Education and Training .......................................................................82
8.2.3. Employment ........................................................................................83
8.2.4. Basic Social Assistance ......................................................................84
8.3. Conclusion .................................................................................................85
SECTION 9
9. 1. Drug-Related Crimes ................................................................................86
9.2. Prevention of Drug-related Crimes ............................................................90
9.3. Criminal Justice System Interventions .......................................................91
9.4. Drug Use in Prisons ...................................................................................92
9.5. Responses to Drug Related Health Issues in Prisons...............................93
9.5.1. Assistance to Drug users in Prisons ...................................................94
9.6. Post-Release Reintegration of Drug Users ...............................................97
9.7. Conclusion .................................................................................................98
SECTION 10
THE SUPPLY DIMENSION (DRUG MARKETS) ...........................................................100
10.1. Overview ................................................................................................100
10.2. Availability and Supply ...........................................................................102
10.2.1. Opium and Derivatives ...................................................................104
10.2.2. Cannabis and Derivatives ...............................................................106
10.2.3. Cocaine ...........................................................................................107
10.2.4.Synthetic Drugs ................................................................................108
10.2.4.1. Ecstasy ........................................................................................108
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TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION
10.2.4.2. Captagon .....................................................................................109
10.3. Seizures .................................................................................................110
10.3.1. Heroin .............................................................................................111
10.3.2. Cannabis and Derivatives ...............................................................113
10.3.3. Cocaine ...........................................................................................115
10.3.4. Synthetic Drugs ...............................................................................116
10.3.4.1. Ecstasy ....................................................................................116
10.3.4.2. Captagon .................................................................................117
10.3.5. Seizures of Precursors of Illicit Drugs .............................................119
10.4. International Cooperation.......................................................................119
10.5. Turkish Nationals Apprehended Abroad for Drug-Related Crimes ........120
10.6. Foreign Nationals Apprehended in Turkey for Drug-Related Crimes ....122
10.7. Price and Purity .....................................................................................123
10.7.1. Prices at Street Level ......................................................................123
10.7.2. Purity ...............................................................................................124
PART B
SELECTED ISSUES ......................................................................................................126
1. CANNABIS ..................................................................................................126
1.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................126
1.2. Use Prevalance ....................................................................................126
1.3. Available Forms of Cannabis in the Turkish Market ............................128
1.4. Price and Purity ...................................................................................128
1.5. Availability ............................................................................................129
1.6. Law.......................................................................................................130
PART C
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................132
TABLES .............................................................................................................134
FIGURES .............................................................................................................135
CHARTS .............................................................................................................135
ANNEXES .............................................................................................................137
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TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION
ABBREVIATIONS
EU : European Union
USA : United States of America
AMATEM : Research, Treatment and Training Centre for Alcohol and
Substance Addiction
ASAGEM : Directorate General for Family and Social Studies
ATS : Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
BİDEM : Computer-Aided Learning Centre
CTEGM : Directorate General of Prisons and Detention Houses
STI : Sexually Transmitted Infections
ÇEMATEM : Research, Treatment and Training Centre for Substance
Addiction in Children and Adolescents
MoLSS : Ministry of Labour and Social Security
IDU : Injecting Drug User
SPO : State Planning Organization
WHO : World Health Organization
EAH : Training and Research Hospital
TNP : Turkish National Police
GEM : Safe Recreational Settings
GSGM : General Directorate for Youth and Sports
HBV : Hepatitis B Virus
HCV : Hepatitis C Virus
İEEP : Training Program for Parents in Places of Worship
İGEP : Internal Migration Integration Project
İSMEM : Youth Rehabilitation and Vocational Training Centre of the
Municipality of Greater Istanbul
İŞKUR : Turkish Employment Organization
GCG : General Command of Gendarmerie
KHK : Decree Having the Force of Law
ASOC : Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime
MAKEP : Project to Develop a Training Program to Protect Against
HIV/AIDS
MASAK : Financial Crimes Investigation Board
MONE : Ministry of National Education
OMKÖP : Project to Prevent Substance Abuse at Schools
OSEP : School Bus Drivers Training Project
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TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION
PVSK : Law on the Duties and Powers of the Police
RAM : Guidance and Research Centre
RTÜK : Turkish Radio and Television Supreme Council
SAK : Strategic Studies Board
SBTHGM : Ministry of Health Directorate General for Curative Services
SBTSHGM : Ministry of Health Directorate General for Primary
Healthcare Services
SHÇEK : Social Services and Child Protection Agency
NGO : Non-Governmental Organization
SYDGM : General Directorate of Social Assistance and Solidarity)
SYDV : Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundation
TADOC : Turkish International Academy Against Drugs and
Organized Crime
TGNA : Turkish Grand National Assembly
TPC : Turkish Penal Code
TİMKEP : Project to Prevent Substance Abuse via Theatre
TİSK : Turkish Confederation of Employer Associations
TRT : Turkish Radio and Television Corporation
TUBİM : Turkish Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
TURKSTAT : Turkish Statistical Institute
UAK : National AIDS Committee
UMGED : Drug Abuse Prevention and Youth Association
UMUD : Substance Abuse Prevention Association
USAK : International Strategic Research Organization
UZEM : National Poison Center
YİBO : Boarding Regional Primary Education School
YÖK : The Council of Higher Education
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TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
BZP : 1-Benzyl piperazine
CRA : Capture-Recapture Analysis
CRM : Capture-Recapture Method
DEA : Drug Enforcement Administration
EMCDDA : European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction
EMEA : European Medicines Agency
ESPAD : European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs
EUROPOL : European Police Office
EWS : Early Warning System
HCL : Hydrochloric acid
HDA : Huntington’s Disease Association
HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IDU : Injecting Drug User
ILO : International Labour Organisation
INCB : International Narcotics Control Board
IPA : Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
LAAM : Levo-Alpha Acetyl Methadol,
LSD : D-lysergi: : Lysergic acid diethylamide
mCPP : meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine
MDMA : 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine
OECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PANDORA : Preventing Transfer of Substances via Cargo
PDU : Problem Drug Use
PPD : Pharmaceutical Product Development
TAIEX : Technical Assistance Information Exchange Unit
THC : Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
UNICEF : The United Nations Children’s Fund
UNODC : United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
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