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turkish monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction PDF

166 Pages·2010·2.68 MB·English
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TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION XXI REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF INTERIOR TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime Department European Monitoring Center Turkish Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction for Drugs and Drug Addiction 2009 NATIONAL REPORT TO THE EMCDDA By the Reitox National Focal Point TURKEY New Developments, Trends and Selected Issues Mustafa PINARCI EMCDDA Turkey National Focal Point (TUBİM), President REITOX ANKARA 2009 TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................III ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................................VII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................IX INSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTION REPRESENTATIVES PROVIDING DATA .............X EMCDDA TURKISH NATIONAL FOCAL POINT AUTHORITIES PREPARING ..........XII FOREWORD ............................................................................................................XIII SUMMARY .............................................................................................................XV PART A ................................................................................................................1 NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS ...........................................................................1 SECTION 1 NATIONAL POLICIES AND CONTEXT ...........................................................................1 1.1. Legal Framework .........................................................................................2 1.1.1. International Agreements and Conventions ..........................................2 1.1.2. National Legislation ...............................................................................3 1.1.3. New Developments in Legal Frameworks ............................................7 1.1.4. Implementation of Laws ........................................................................9 1.2. Strategy, Action Plan, Evaluation and Coordination ..................................10 1.2.1. National Strategy and Action Plan ......................................................10 1.2.2. Implementation and Evaluation of the National Strategy and Action Plan .........................................................................................11 1.2.2.1. Implementation ............................................................................11 1.2.2.2. Evaluation ....................................................................................12 1.2.3. Other Developments in Antidrug Policies ...........................................12 1.2.3.1. TGNA Research Commission ......................................................12 1.2.4. Coordination Arrangements ................................................................13 1.2.5. Institutional Structure ..........................................................................16 1.3. Economic Analyses ...................................................................................17 SECTION 2 DRUG USE PREVALENCE .............................................................................................18 2.1. Drug Use in the General Population ..........................................................18 2.2. Drug Use in the Youth Population..............................................................18 2.3. Drug use among Specific Groups ..............................................................18 III TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION SECTION 3 PREVENTION ...............................................................................................................19 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................19 3.2. Scope and Diversity of Addiction Preventive Activities ..............................20 3.3. Universal Prevention in Turkey ..................................................................21 3.4. Selective Prevention ..................................................................................31 3.5. Conclusion .................................................................................................38 SECTION 4 PROBLEM DRUG USE AND TREATMENT DEMAND ...................................................40 4.1.Overview .....................................................................................................40 SECTION 5 SUBSTANCE ADDICTION TREATMENT .......................................................................43 5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................43 5.2. Strategy and Policy ....................................................................................43 5.2.1. New Developments and Trends ..........................................................43 5.3. Treatment Systems ....................................................................................45 5.3.1. Treatment Approach ............................................................................45 5.3.2. Treatment Quality ................................................................................46 5.3.3. Treatment without Pharmacological Assistance .................................47 5.3.4. Medical Treatment ..............................................................................48 5.4. Profile of Clients in Treatment ...................................................................59 SECTION 6 HEALTH CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES .........................................................58 6.1. Drug-related Deaths and Mortality of Drug Users .....................................58 6.1.1. Introduction .........................................................................................58 6.1.2. Direct Drug related Deaths .................................................................59 6.1.3. Indirect Drug Related Deaths .............................................................62 6.1.4. Evaluation ...........................................................................................64 6.2. Drug-related Infectious Diseases ..............................................................68 6.3. Drug-related Psychiatric Disorders ............................................................70 6.4. Other Drug-related Health Correlates and Consequences........................70 IV TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION SECTION 7 RESPONSES TO HEALTH CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES ............................71 7.1. Prevention of Drug-Related Deaths ...........................................................71 7.2. Prevention and Treatment of Drug-Related Infectious Diseases ..............72 7.3. Interventions Related to Psychiatric Co-Morbidity, ....................................72 7.4. Interventions Related to Other Health Correlates and Consequences .....72 7.4.1. Drug-related Poisoning ...........................................................................72 SECTION 8 8.1. Social Exclusion .........................................................................................76 8. 2. Addicts and Reintegration .........................................................................80 8.2.1.Shelter ..................................................................................................81 8.2.2. Education and Training .......................................................................82 8.2.3. Employment ........................................................................................83 8.2.4. Basic Social Assistance ......................................................................84 8.3. Conclusion .................................................................................................85 SECTION 9 9. 1. Drug-Related Crimes ................................................................................86 9.2. Prevention of Drug-related Crimes ............................................................90 9.3. Criminal Justice System Interventions .......................................................91 9.4. Drug Use in Prisons ...................................................................................92 9.5. Responses to Drug Related Health Issues in Prisons...............................93 9.5.1. Assistance to Drug users in Prisons ...................................................94 9.6. Post-Release Reintegration of Drug Users ...............................................97 9.7. Conclusion .................................................................................................98 SECTION 10 THE SUPPLY DIMENSION (DRUG MARKETS) ...........................................................100 10.1. Overview ................................................................................................100 10.2. Availability and Supply ...........................................................................102 10.2.1. Opium and Derivatives ...................................................................104 10.2.2. Cannabis and Derivatives ...............................................................106 10.2.3. Cocaine ...........................................................................................107 10.2.4.Synthetic Drugs ................................................................................108 10.2.4.1. Ecstasy ........................................................................................108 V TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION 10.2.4.2. Captagon .....................................................................................109 10.3. Seizures .................................................................................................110 10.3.1. Heroin .............................................................................................111 10.3.2. Cannabis and Derivatives ...............................................................113 10.3.3. Cocaine ...........................................................................................115 10.3.4. Synthetic Drugs ...............................................................................116 10.3.4.1. Ecstasy ....................................................................................116 10.3.4.2. Captagon .................................................................................117 10.3.5. Seizures of Precursors of Illicit Drugs .............................................119 10.4. International Cooperation.......................................................................119 10.5. Turkish Nationals Apprehended Abroad for Drug-Related Crimes ........120 10.6. Foreign Nationals Apprehended in Turkey for Drug-Related Crimes ....122 10.7. Price and Purity .....................................................................................123 10.7.1. Prices at Street Level ......................................................................123 10.7.2. Purity ...............................................................................................124 PART B SELECTED ISSUES ......................................................................................................126 1. CANNABIS ..................................................................................................126 1.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................126 1.2. Use Prevalance ....................................................................................126 1.3. Available Forms of Cannabis in the Turkish Market ............................128 1.4. Price and Purity ...................................................................................128 1.5. Availability ............................................................................................129 1.6. Law.......................................................................................................130 PART C REFERENCES .............................................................................................................132 TABLES .............................................................................................................134 FIGURES .............................................................................................................135 CHARTS .............................................................................................................135 ANNEXES .............................................................................................................137 VI TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION ABBREVIATIONS EU : European Union USA : United States of America AMATEM : Research, Treatment and Training Centre for Alcohol and Substance Addiction ASAGEM : Directorate General for Family and Social Studies ATS : Amphetamine-Type Stimulant BİDEM : Computer-Aided Learning Centre CTEGM : Directorate General of Prisons and Detention Houses STI : Sexually Transmitted Infections ÇEMATEM : Research, Treatment and Training Centre for Substance Addiction in Children and Adolescents MoLSS : Ministry of Labour and Social Security IDU : Injecting Drug User SPO : State Planning Organization WHO : World Health Organization EAH : Training and Research Hospital TNP : Turkish National Police GEM : Safe Recreational Settings GSGM : General Directorate for Youth and Sports HBV : Hepatitis B Virus HCV : Hepatitis C Virus İEEP : Training Program for Parents in Places of Worship İGEP : Internal Migration Integration Project İSMEM : Youth Rehabilitation and Vocational Training Centre of the Municipality of Greater Istanbul İŞKUR : Turkish Employment Organization GCG : General Command of Gendarmerie KHK : Decree Having the Force of Law ASOC : Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime MAKEP : Project to Develop a Training Program to Protect Against HIV/AIDS MASAK : Financial Crimes Investigation Board MONE : Ministry of National Education OMKÖP : Project to Prevent Substance Abuse at Schools OSEP : School Bus Drivers Training Project VII TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION PVSK : Law on the Duties and Powers of the Police RAM : Guidance and Research Centre RTÜK : Turkish Radio and Television Supreme Council SAK : Strategic Studies Board SBTHGM : Ministry of Health Directorate General for Curative Services SBTSHGM : Ministry of Health Directorate General for Primary Healthcare Services SHÇEK : Social Services and Child Protection Agency NGO : Non-Governmental Organization SYDGM : General Directorate of Social Assistance and Solidarity) SYDV : Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundation TADOC : Turkish International Academy Against Drugs and Organized Crime TGNA : Turkish Grand National Assembly TPC : Turkish Penal Code TİMKEP : Project to Prevent Substance Abuse via Theatre TİSK : Turkish Confederation of Employer Associations TRT : Turkish Radio and Television Corporation TUBİM : Turkish Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TURKSTAT : Turkish Statistical Institute UAK : National AIDS Committee UMGED : Drug Abuse Prevention and Youth Association UMUD : Substance Abuse Prevention Association USAK : International Strategic Research Organization UZEM : National Poison Center YİBO : Boarding Regional Primary Education School YÖK : The Council of Higher Education VIII TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BZP : 1-Benzyl piperazine CRA : Capture-Recapture Analysis CRM : Capture-Recapture Method DEA : Drug Enforcement Administration EMCDDA : European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMEA : European Medicines Agency ESPAD : European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs EUROPOL : European Police Office EWS : Early Warning System HCL : Hydrochloric acid HDA : Huntington’s Disease Association HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDU : Injecting Drug User ILO : International Labour Organisation INCB : International Narcotics Control Board IPA : Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance LAAM : Levo-Alpha Acetyl Methadol, LSD : D-lysergi: : Lysergic acid diethylamide mCPP : meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine MDMA : 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine OECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PANDORA : Preventing Transfer of Substances via Cargo PDU : Problem Drug Use PPD : Pharmaceutical Product Development TAIEX : Technical Assistance Information Exchange Unit THC : Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol UNICEF : The United Nations Children’s Fund UNODC : United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime IX

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XXI. TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION license or on a land other than which is registered and specified on the license, shall be sentenced to an administrative fine .. should act in coordination and undertake protective, preventive, therapeutic and.
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