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Turkish Grammar PDF

438 Pages·2012·4.84 MB·Turkish
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TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 YÜKSEL GÖKNEL TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 1 TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 YÜKSEL GÖKNEL 2 TURKISH GRAMTUMRKAIRSH A GCRAADMEMMIACR E DITION 2012 FOREWORD The Turkish Grammar book that you have just started reading is quite different from the grammar books that you read in schools. This kind of Grammar is known as traditional grammar. The main difference of a traditional grammar and that of a transformational one is that the first one describes a natural language as a static object, but the second one describes both the parts of the language engine and how it runs. This is like learning about a motionless car. There is something lacking in this description. It is the dynamics of the parts of a car that runs a hundred and twenty kilometers an hour. Traditional grammars describe only the physical appearance of a language; they do not mind what goes on behind the curtain. The mind of a human being works like the engine of a sports car. It arranges and chooses words matching one another, transforms simple sentence units to use in different parts of sentences, and recollects morphemes and phonemes to be produced by the human speech organs. All these activities are simultaneously carried out by the human mind. Another point that the traditional grammarians generally miss is that they write the grammar of a certain language to teach it to those who have been learning it from the time when they were born up to the time when they discover something called grammar. This is like teaching a language to professional speakers. Then, what is the use of a grammar? I believe most people were acquainted with it when they started learning a foreign language. Therefore, a grammar written for those who are trying to learn a second language is very useful both in teaching and learning a second language. I started teaching English as a second language in 1952, a long time ago. Years passed and one day I found myself as a postgraduate Fulbright student at the University of Texas at Austin in 1960. Although I studied there for only a short period, I learnt enough from Prof. Archibald A. Hill and Dr. De Camp to stimulate me to learn more about Linguistics. After I came back to Turkey, it was difficult to find books on linguistics in booksellers in Istanbul. Thanks to The American Library in Istanbul, I was able to borrow the books that attracted my attention. In those books, I discovered Noam Chomsky, whose name I had not heard during my stay in the U.S.A. I must confess that I am indebted to the scholars and the library above in writing this Turkish Grammar. I am also grateful to my son Dr. Özgür Göknel who encouraged me to write this book and to Vivatinell Warwick U.K., which sponsored to publish it. YÜKSEL GÖKNEL 3 TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 4 TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 5 TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION YÜKSEL GÖKNEL Vivatinell Bilim-Kültür Yayınları 2012 Grafik Tasarım Uygulamaları Vivatinell Press Selami Burhan GÖKAY Vivatinell Cosmopharmaceutics Fetih Mah. Tunca Sk. No:2 34704 Ataşehir / İstanbul / TÜRKİYE Tel: +90 216 470 09 44 Faks: +90 216 470 09 48 6 TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 CONTENTS Foreword 3 Contents 7 Logical, Morphemic, and Oral Sequencing 13 The Turkish Grammar 16 The Turkish Vowel and Consonant Harmony 17 The Vowel Harmony Sequence 17 The Consonant Harmony 19 Morphemes and Allomorphs 22 Derivational Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 23 Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Nouns 23 Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Adjectives 24 Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Nouns 27 Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Nouns 28 Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Adjectives 32 Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Verbs 33 Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Verbs 34 Inflectional Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 34 Nominal Phrases 37 Adverbs and Adverbials 40 The Transformational Activity of the Logic 41 Form and Function in Languages 43 Using Adjectives as Adverbs 45 The Inflectional Morphemes 48 The Defining [İ] Morpheme and Its Allomorphs [i, ı, ü, u] 48 The [LE], [LE.YIN] and [E], [DE], [DEN] Inflectional Morphemes 53 [LE] allomorphs: [le, la] 53 [LE.YIN]: 54 [E], [DE], [DEN] and [LE] Morphemes 54 [E] allomorphs: [e, a] 56 [DE] allomorphs: [de, da, te, ta] 62 [DEN] allomorphs: [den, dan, ten, tan] 64 “Possessor + Possessed” Noun Compounds (İsim Tamlamaları) 66 Definite Noun Compounds (Belirtili İsim Tamlamaları) 66 Indefinite Noun Compounds (Belirtisiz İsim Tamlamaları) 73 Noun Compounds Without Suffixes (Takısız Tamlamalar) 73 Noun + Infinitive Compounds (İsim Mastar Tamlamaları) 75 Prepositions and Postpositions (Edatlar or İlgeçler) 76 7 TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 Primary Stress, Secondary Stress, and Intonation 77 [E], [DE], [DEN] Morphemes + Postpositions 86 The Inflectional Morphemes Attached to Verbs 93 The Simple Present “be” 94 The Present Modals with Verb “be” 103 must be 103 can’t be 105 may be 106 may not be 107 The "yes - no" Questions Used With Verb "be" 108 have to be, should be, ought to be, needn’t be 109 have to be (zorundayım) 109 needn’t be (gerek yok) 110 The Simple Past Verb “be” 111 Interrogative Words 114 [MİŞ] (Rumor, Inference) (söylenti, anlam çıkarma) 118 The Future Form of “be” (will be) 120 “there is”, “there are”; “have, (have got)” 121 there used to be, there used to have 122 there must (may) be, there can’t be, there is going to be 123 Imperatıves and Wıshes 123 Wısh 125 The Simple Present Tense (Geniş Zaman) 127 The Verbs Ending with Vowels or Consonants 131 Some Nouns Used Together With “et”, `yap”, “işle” to Produce Verbs 132 The Negative Form of The Simple Present Tense 134 The Simple Present Positive Question 135 The Simple Present Negative Question 137 The Question Words Used in the Simple Present Tense 139 The Present Continuous and the Present Perfect Continuous 141 The Verbs That Are Not Used in the Simple Present in Turkish 146 Turkish Verb Frames (Türkçede Fiil Çatıları) 148 Transitive and Intransitive Verb Frames 148 Reflexive Verb Frames 149 The Passive Transformation of the Intransitive Verbs 150 Reciprocal Verb Frames (İşteş Fiiller) 152 Both Transitively and Intransitively Used English Verbs 153 The Simple Past and the Present Perfect 159 Miş’li Past Tense (Rumor and Inference) (Miş’li Geçmiş) 167 8 TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 The Simple Future and “be going to” 171 The Past Continuous Tense 174 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 178 Was (were) going to 178 used to 179 The Rumor Forms of The Simple Present and The Present Cont. 181 The Past Perfect Tense 182 The Future Continuous Tense 183 The Future Perfect Tense 184 Infinitives (Mastarar) 185 The [mek, mak] Infinitives 185 The [me, ma] Infinitives 185 The [iş, ış, üş, uş] Infinitives 185 The [dik, dık, dük, duk, tik, tık, tük, tuk] Infinitives 185 Where and How the Infinitives Are Used 187 1.(a) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used as Subject 187 1.(b) The [mak, mak] Infinitives Used before Postpositions 187 1.(c) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used as Objects of “iste” 189 1.(d) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used Attached to [DEN] Morph. 189 2.(a) The [me, ma] Infinitives Used Attached to Noun Compounds 190 2.(b) “noun+infinitive”-[İ], and “V-[me-/y/i], V-[ma]-/y/ı] 1 9 2 2.(c) “noun+infinitive”-[e, a] 196 2.(d) “noun+infinitive” Compounds Followed by [den, dan] 196 3.(a) “noun+infinitive”-[İ], [E], [DE], [DEN] 197 4.(a) possessor noun+ V-[dik, dık, dük, duk, tik, tık, tük, tuk] 198 The Passive Infinitive 199 Modals 201 Present Modals 201 can, may [ebil, abil] 201 must [meli, malı] 205 have to (zorunda) 207 needn’t (don’t have to) 208 should (ought to) 209 Past Modals 211 Could 211 was (were) able to 212 would, could (polite request) 213 Perfect Modals 214 must have 214 9

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