Turkish Dynamics: Bridge across Troubled Lands (The Middle East in Focus) PDF
Preview Turkish Dynamics: Bridge across Troubled Lands (The Middle East in Focus)
urkish ynamics T D he iddle astin ocus T M E F The Middle East has become simultaneously the world’s most controversial, crisis-ridden, and yet least-understood region. Taking new perspectives on the area that has undergone the most dramatic changes, the Middle East in Focus series, edited by Barry Rubin, seeks to bring the best, most accurate expertise to bear for understanding the area’s countries, issues, and problems. The resulting books are designed to be balanced, accurate, and comprehen- sive compendiums of both facts and analysis presented clearly for both experts and the general reader. Series Editor: Barry Rubin Director, Global Research International Affairs (GLORIA) Center Editor, Middle East Review of International Affairs(MERIA) Journal Editor, Turkish Studies Turkish Dynamics: Bridge Across Troubled Lands By Ersin Kalaycıogˇlu Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos By Patrick Clawson and Michael Rubin urkish ynamics T D ridge cross roubled ands B A T L Ersin Kalaycıogˇlu TURKISHDYNAMICS © Ersin Kalaycıoˇglu,2005. All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 and Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire,England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 1–4039–6279–0 ISBN 1–4039–6280–4 (pbk.) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kalayciog˘lu,Ersin. Turkish dynamics :bridge across troubled lands / Ersin Kalayciog˘lu. p.cm.—(Middle East in focus series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–4039–6279–0—ISBN 1–4039–6280–4 (pbk.) 1.Turkey—Politics and government—20th century.2.Turkey— History—20th century.I.Title.II.Series. DR576.K35 2005 956.1(cid:1)02—dc22 2005045955 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India. First edition:November 2005 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. To Sema, Öykü, and Petek This page intentionally left blank ontents C Acknowledgments viii List of Figures, Tables, and Maps ix Preface xi Introduction: Change and Stability 1 1 From Collapse to Liberation 15 2 Founding the Republic and the Cultural Revolution (1923–1946) 45 3 Democracy at Work and at Risk (1946–1960) 67 4 The Second Republic (1961–1980) 91 5 The Third Republic (1980– ) 125 6 Governance, Change, and Risk 167 Conclusion: Making a Bridge Functional 189 Notes 201 Bibliography 229 Index 239 cknowledgments A I have been working on this book since the summer of 2002, which more or less coincided with the start of my work at Sabanci University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey. I have finished the first draft of the book while I was still employed at Sabanci University, where I had the assis- tance of Mustafa Ovuz, Rita Koryan, and Egemen Özalp. My collaborations with professors Üstün Ergüder, Ali Çarkovlu, Korel Göymen, and Ahmet Evin, all of Sabanci University have also contributed to my work. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank Professor Barry Rubin for his critique and help in the publication of this text. I would also like to acknowledge the efforts of Dr. David Pervin of Palgrave, who was although at times painstak- ingly slow, made valuable criticisms on the draft of this book. I would also like to thank Hilmi Çelik, the Librarian of Sabanci University, and Ersen Kavaklıovlu of the Sabanci University for their assistance in com- piling the data and for the multimedia services they kindly provided. I am grateful for the research infrastructure and assistance that the Sabanci University provided for such work to be completed. My wife Sema and daughters Öykü and Petek have been of great help with their encouragements and patience with the long hours I put in the compo- sition of the manuscript. I would also like to acknowledge the secretarial assistance provided byIpek Dübütof Itık University for the final edition and composition of this manuscript. ist of igures, ables, and aps L F T M Figures I.1 Turkish Gross National Product (constant prices, annual % change) 3 5.1 The Left–Right Spectrum of the Turkish Voters (1990–2002) 139 5.2 Political Parties in the Eyes of the Voters (October 2002) 140 Tables 3.1 National Election Results (1946–1957) 75 3.2 Economic Growth Rates and Gross National Product (GNP) Deflator (1924–1960) 77 3.3 Economic Growth in Turkey by Sectors (1923–1999) 78 3.4 Transport Infrastructure in Turkey 78 3.5 The Rising Urban Population (1950–2001) 80 4.1 Turkish National Elections and Disproportionality of Representation 92 4.2 National Election Results (1961–1977) 96 4.3 Government Tenure and Formation Difficulty by Government Type 97 4.4 Trends in Turkish Foreign Trade (1945–1980) 115 4.5 Communications and Social Mobilization in Turkey (1950–1980) 119 5.1 National Election Results (1983–2002) 126 6.1 Direct Foreign Investment in Selected Countries and Regions (billion U.S. Dollars) 186 7.1 Turkey, Neighbors, the European Union, the United States, and other Regional and Global Actors 190 Maps I.1 Turkey and Her Neighborhood 4 1.1 The Partition of the Ottoman Empire According to the Treaty of Sevrés 36 2.1 Post–Cold War Turkey 64
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