Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007 PDF
Preview Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007
TURKEY, ISLAM, NATIONALISM, AND MODERNITY Please see print version for image T , I , URKEY SLAM N , ATIONALISM AND M ODERNITY A History, 1789–2007 Carter Vaughn Findley Yale university press New Haven & London Published with assistance from the Louis Stern Memorial Fund. Copyright © 2010 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail [email protected] (U.S. offi ce) or [email protected] (U.K. offi ce). Set in Postscript Electra type by diacriTech Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Findley, Carter V., 1941– Turkey, Islam, nationalism, and modernity / Carter Vaughn Findley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN978-0-300-15260-9 (clothbound : alk. paper) 1. Turkey–History–19th century. 2. Turkey–History–20th century. 3. Turkey–Politics and government–19th century. 4. Turkey–Politics and government–20th century. 5. Nationalism–Turkey–History–19th century. 6. Nationalism–Turkey–History–20th century. 7. Secularism–Turkey–History– 19th century. 8. Secularism–Turkey–History–20th century. 9. Islam and state–Turkey– History–19th century. 10. Islam and state–Turkey–History–20th century. I. Title. DR557.F562010 956.1–dc22 2010013169 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence of Paper). 10987654321 Frontispiece: An Ottoman school, 1885, site for the expansion of literacy that made possible the rise of print media. The teachers include both ulema (in turbans) and non-ulema (in fezes). The globe, books, and maps proclaim the school’s modernity. (By Sebah and Joaillier, 1885; courtesy of Pierre de Gigord.) For my children Madeleine Vaughn Findley and Benjamin Carter Findley This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Maps and Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Note on Usage xiii Introduction 1 o n e The Return Toward Centralization 23 t w o The Tanzimat 76 t h r e e The Reign of Abdülhamid 133 f o u r Imperial Demise, National Struggle 192 f i v e The Early Republic 247 s i x Turkey’s Widening Political Spectrum 305 s e v e n Turkey and the World 350 Conclusion 405 Abbreviations Used in the Notes and Bibliography 423 Notes 425 Bibliography of Published Sources 457 Index 489 vii MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Note about Illustration Sources: Where known, the source of each illustration is identifi ed in its caption. If an illustration is still under copyright, permis- sion to publish has been obtained from that source. In the case of some photo- graphs, the identity of the photographer or other source of the photograph is not known. These photographs are identifi ed as from the collection of the author, who would like to hear from anyone holding rights to these photographs. Map 1. The Ottoman Empire, 1774–1912 5 Map 2. Provisions of the Treaty of Sèvres, 1920 220 Map 3. The Republic of Turkey 225 An Ottoman school, 1885 ii . Ahmed Ihsan Bey printshop 11 An Ottoman writer at his stand-up desk 12 Ebüzziya printers 14 Janissaries, late eighteenth century 32 A provincial notable’s mansion 56 The Sublime Porte 77 Crimean War, British troops camped at Üsküdar, Istanbul 81 Ömer Pas¸a, commander of Ottoman troops in the Crimea 82 Fuad, Âli, and Midhat Pas¸as 89 Bosphorus ferry at Beykoz 96 Family life in photographs 119 Abdülhamid II as a young man 134 The Ottoman Imperial Bank and the Régie des tabacs 140 School building under Abdülhamid 152 Ottoman schoolgirls 155 ix
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