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WWeesstteerrnn MMiicchhiiggaann UUnniivveerrssiittyy SScchhoollaarrWWoorrkkss aatt WWMMUU Dissertations Graduate College 8-2008 IIssllaammiissmm,, SSttaattee CCoonnttrrooll OOvveerr RReelliiggiioonn aanndd SSoocciiaall IIddeennttiittyy:: TTuurrkkeeyy aanndd EEggyypptt Alper Y. Dede Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Dede, Alper Y., "Islamism, State Control Over Religion and Social Identity: Turkey and Egypt" (2008). Dissertations. 761. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/761 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ISLAMISM, STATE CONTROL OVER RELIGION AND SOCIAL IDENTITY: TURKEY AND EGYPT by Alper Y. Dede A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department ofPolitical Science Dr. Kevin Corder, Advisor Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 2008 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3323518 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3323518 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © 2008 Alper Y. Dede Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I dedicate this thesis to my parents; Abdullah Dede, my dad; and Semiha Dede, my mom; and to my wife Halise Dede, who are all educators. My parents have always appreciated the value of learning and teaching, and inspired me to choose a career in the academia. I owe a deep and abiding debt to my wife Halise and my son Yusuf Emre, who have always been very supportive and understanding since I started this project. I also owe them an apology for being an absentee husband and father for the last two years. Without the generous moral support and encouragement of my parents and my wife, this project could not be accomplished. During the hardships of completing this project, they have always been understanding and caring. All four members of my dissertation committee provided invaluable intellectual inspiration, encouragement and guidance throughout this project. I am profoundly grateful to my thesis supervisor Dr. J. Kevin Corder for his commitment to my development as a scholar in general and for his aid in the completion of this dissertation in terms of methodology and content. This dissertation relies heavily on Dr. Corder's reading, commenting, editing, and intense emotional and intellectual labor. I was also extremely fortunate to study with Dr. Mustafa K. Mirzeler, who helped me to improve this dissertation by providing his insight and by being highly supportive and encouraging. It is difficult to find the words to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Mirzeler. Working with him has been a great pleasure, an experience ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments-continued that one cannot easily forget. I will never forget his support for the rest of my life. Equally valuable were the methodological and substantive insights provided by Dr. Gunther M. Hega, with whom this project was first born, and by Dr. Sybil D. Rhodes who provided very useful insights about social movements and political activism. I am grateful to them for their reading and commenting on various drafts through the completion of this project, and also for their rightful warnings about the focus and methods of this study. They have helped me clarify my focus at a methodological level, and some of my central themes and topics at a conceptual level. Throughout the completion of this project, my committee members' critiques on the contents and methods have been guiding in the face of intellectual challenges ofwriting a dissertation. The members of this committee read countless drafts and provided critical feedback that eventually made this dissertation remarkably better than it otherwise would have been. As for my colleagues, mentors, and friends, I owe special thanks to Dr. Moataz Abdel Fattah, Dr. Thomas Stewart, Dr. Delbert Ringquist, Dr. LUtfullah Karaman, M. Sanver, 6. GUla~ar, M. F. Hasoglu, S. Canh, M. Mesarifoglu, i. Mtzrak, A. Anar, G. Olmez, V. 0. Ytldtz, Nidal, YusufBey, Ozglir, Zafer, Dar~m and Abuzer Abi, Cemil, Murat, Ahmet, Erkan, Cengiz, Sava~, M.S. Yavuz, N. Altundeger, A.M. Sara9oglu, C. Y. Demirkale, B. Ertiirk, G. Bactk, A. T. Kuru, D. Arslan, F. Canba~. 0. <;etinkaya, K. Akkaya, Y. Alptekin, Halit Hakkt, my best friends, elder brothers, and also mentors Dr. Mursi, Dr. Abdelhady, Dr. Aboudan, Dr. Zalt, Dr. Samhan, lll Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments-continued Brother Ahmed, Akram, Raed, Tariq, Muhammed and others, HUseyin Abi, SUleyman Bey, Muhammed, Bilal, and Cumali Bey for their moral and intellectual support, and company in this long and overwhelming journey. For giving me the opportunity to teach every term as well as for offering resources generously during the completion of this project, I owe special thanks to the Department of Political Science at CMU; to Dr. Delbert Ringquist and Dr. Won Paik, the former department chairs; to Dr. Rick Kurtz, the current department chair; and to Miss Jackie Robert, the department secretary. A final acknowledgement goes to all of the respondents who kindly accepted my request for interviews and openly expressed their minds and hearts during the interviews. All of them were welcoming and friendly; it was more than a pleasure to socialize with them and to share their experiences and thoughts. I am grateful to Dr. Moataz Abdel Fattah, whose support kept me going throughout my fieldwork and writing. He commented on some of the chapters and provided thoughtful comments and suggestions. I also thank Dr. K. Stlay for commenting on an earlier draft of two of my chapters. I reserve my deepest gratitude especially for Dr. Moataz Abdel Fattah and Miss G. Fayek for providing a fundamental help during my fieldwork. Alper Y. Dede IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... ii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Existing Literature............................................................................... 7 What Is Islamism and How Does Islamism Manifest Itself?....... 7 Emergence of Islamism..... ........... ........ .......... ... . . .. .. . .. . . . . ... . .. ........ 9 Islamists, Democracy, Civil Society and the State Control over Religion........................................................................................ 14 Political Islam and the State in Egypt.......................................... 16 Political Islam and the State in Turkey........................................ 21 The Struggle over Identity Through Cultural Frames ................. 25 Social Identity and Contentious Politics...................................... 29 Cases, Hypotheses and Model............................................................. 33 Most-different-systems Design.................................................... 33 Hypotheses and Model................................................................. 34 Cases and Focus of Study . . ................. ................. .. . ....... ........... .. . 46 Methods and Plan of Study .. . . . . . . . . . .. ..... .. . . . . ........... ......... ....... .. .. ...... .. . . 4 7 Methods....................................................................................... 48 Chapters and Organization ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . ...... ... . 54 II. HISTORY OF ISLAM, TURKEY AND TURKISH SECULARIZATION.................................................................................. 57 Islam.................................................................................................... 57 Emergence and Rise of Islam ...................................................... 57 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents-continued CHAPTER The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires ........................................... 61 The Turks ............. ............................................................................... 62 The Rise and Expansion of the Ottoman Empire......................... 63 The Decline of the Ottoman Empire............................................ 68 The Tanzimat Era......................................................................... 70 The Young Turk Revolt of 1908 and the Collapse of the Ottomans...................................................................................... 73 The New Turkish Republic................................................................. 75 The Emergence of Modem Turkey from the Ruins of the Ottoman Empire........................................................................... 7 5 Authoritarian Reform in Turkey ...... .. .............. .. . . . .. . ............ ........ 77 Secularist-Atatiirkist Ideology and Government Control over Religion........................................................................................ 79 The Multiparty Era....................................................................... 81 Rapid Urbanization and Politicization of Turkey in the 1960s ... 85 Islam and Politics: The Conceptual Framework ................................. 88 Islam as a Historical and Organic Religion................................. 90 The Interplay between Modernization, Secularization and Islamism .. . . .................... .... ... ............ .. . .. .. . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . .... ............. .. . 93 Emergence oflslamism as a Political Movement........................ 95 Conclusion........................................................................................... 97 III. ISLAMIST POLITICS IN TURKEY......................................................... 99 Emergence of Islamism in Modem Turkey......................................... 10 0 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents-continued CHAPTER The Gramscian Struggle: Politics as Jihad.......................................... 104 Politics as Jihad: The MNP .......................................................... 107 The Interviewees' Profile ...... .. .. ......... ........ ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... ...... .. . 113 The Road to the Coup of 1980 ............................................................ 116 Civil Society and the Islamist Politics in the Aftermath of the Military Rule .. .. .. .. .. ...................... ...... .... ...... ............ .... .. .. .......... .... ..... 117 Political Engineering, Government Led Depoliticization, and Political Alienation of the Masses after the Coup....................... 119 Controlled Liberalization and the Reemergence oflslamism ..... 122 Structural Strains: The Secular Backlash and the February 28 Period........................................................................................... 128 Government Control over Religious Education.................................. 133 Government Control over Mosques.................................................... 143 Perception of External Threats............................................................ 14 7 How Does the Islamists' Perception of External Threats Relate to Political Activism.................................................................... 148 The Content Analysis................................................................... 151 The Content Analysis and the Interview Data............................. 159 The Closing Down of the Islamist Party............................................. 162 Types and Strategies of Islamist Political Activism............................ 166 Explaining Islamist Outreach, Opportunities and Constraints.... 171 Culture and Framing: The Role oflslamist Frames in Islamist Activism....................................................................................... 176 Framing and Identity Formation through Islam........................... 177 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. 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